Review of Verbs
In this lesson the forms and functions of the various aspects of the Latino Moderne Verb will be studied. There is a large amount of information in this lesson, and the student is not expected to grasps it in it's entirety at first glance. Go over it slowly and carefully and come back to review here often.

Review of Verbs

I. Every verb will have Tense, Voice and Mood. These are three different aspects which describe the type of action or state of being being used in any given verb form.

A. Verbs show time by their Tense.
[Past, Present, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect]

1. Past Tense.
The verbal idea is viewed as occuring in the past.
I rode the horse.
Cavalcavo le cavallo.

2. Present Tense.
The verbal idea is viewed as happening in the present time (At least from the writer of speaker's perspective.)
I am riding the horse.
Cavalco le cavallo.

3. Future Tense.
The verbal idea is viewed as occuring in the future.
I will ride the horse.
Cavalcaro le cavallo.

4. Perfect Tense.
The verbal idea is viewed as completed in past time, but with present results.
I have ridden the horse.
Ho cavalcate le cavallo.

5. Pluperfect Tense.
The verbal idea is viewed as completed in the remote past and having past results.
I had ridden the horse.
Havo cavalcate le cavallo.

6. Future Perfect Tense.
The verbal idea is viewed as to be completed in the future with future results.
I shall have ridden the horse.
Habro cavalcate le cavallo.

NOTE: So far in our lessons we have only studied the first three tenses listed above. They are called the simple tenses because they are formed on the stem of the verb without using auxillary (helper) verbs to form their idea.

B. Verbs show the type of action by their Voice.
[There are two voices in Latino Moderne, the Active and the Passive]

1. Active Voice.
This means that the Subject of the verb is viewed as the source of the verbal idea.
i.e. The Subject is doing the action.
I am riding the horse.
Cavalco le cavallo.

2. Passive Voice.
This means that the Subject of the verb is viewed as receiving the action of the verbal idea.
i.e. It is being done to the Subject.
The horse is ridden.
Le cavallo es cavalcate.

C. The action or state of the verb in relation to objective reality is shown by the Mood.
[The moods of the verb in LM are: Indicative, Imperative, Conditional (also caled the Subjunctive), Infinitive, Active and Passive Participle, Gerund]

1. Indicative Mood.
This mood shows the verbal idea to be a simple statement. It is used to express existing reality (at least in the writer or speaker's mind.)
The horse is eating.
Le cavallo mangia.

2. Imperative Mood.
This is the Mood which shows command. It expresses the will of one person adressing the will of another.
Go into the house!
Va ina le domo!

3. Subjunctive Mood.
This mood, sometimes called the Conditional Tense, shows the possibility of the verbal idea. It is used to express the verbal idea as not actually existing. It is often used with the particle si if to show that if certain conditions are met, then the verbal idea may come into actual existance.
NOTE: The type of mood used in the verb of the second clause of a conditional sentence shows how certain the writer or speaker is that the thing will happen if the condition id fulfilled.)

a. Uncertainity
(both clauses have Subjunctive Mood verbs.)
If the doctor should give them the medicine, they may live.
Si le medico donarean illis le medicamento, viverean.

c. Certainity
(The first clause has a Subjunctive Mood verb, the second clause has an Indicative Mood verb.)
If the doctor should give them the medicine, they will live.
Si le medico donarean illis le medicamento, viveran.

NOTE: Other degrees of certainity or uncertainity can be expressed by using certain conditional words and the Indicative Mood of verbs in the first clause of conditional sentences with a Subjunctive or Indicative Mood verb in the second clause.

d. Strong certainity
If he is giving it to them, they will live.
Si Ille lo dona illis, viveran.

e. Strong uncertainity
Perhaps if you would have studied the book, possibly youÕd be able to remember it.
Forsan si tu habreas studiate le libro, possibile tu potereas memorar lo.
(It is implied, But you did not, so you cannot )

As the student practices using the Subjunctive Mood, he or she will enjoy expressing conditional sentences with greater ease and understanding.

4. Infinitive Mood.
This mood is used to express the bare idea of the verb without reference to person or number. It is the to form of the verb. The Infinitive is often used to complete the verbal idea with other verbs expressing a goal or intention. When used to express a goal it will have the preposition a before it.

To be, or not to be? That is the question.
Ser, o ne a ser? Illo es la demanda.

She is able to see the stars.
Illa potea vider le stellas.

We want to go with the fathers into the house of the Lord.
Volamus ir con le patres ina le domo del Domine.

I would like to know the name of the woman in the photo.
Desiro saper le nomine de la femina in le foto.

5. Participles
The participle expresses the verbal idea as a adjective or substantive. When used as an adjective the verbal idea modifies or describes the substantive in the sentence.

A thinking man is rare.
Un pensante viro es rar.

The believing women are in the Church.
Le feminas credentas son in la ecclesia.

Note: The feminine plural idea in the above sentence is expresed by the ending of the Participle.

6. Gerund
The Gerundive Mood expresses the verbal idea as a noun or substantive.

The use of a gerundive form amando, amanda, and with the definite article: le amando, la amanda the one loving, the lover.

NOTE: This usage may also be expressed with the Active Participle, le amante, la amanta the one loving.

With the definite article the Gerundive forms are:

FOR -AR VERBS
le amando	la amanda	the one loving
le amandos	le amandas	the ones loving
FOR -ER VERBS
le dicendo	la dicenda	the one who says
le dicendos	le dicendas	the ones who say
FOR -IR VERBS
le audiendo	la audienda	the one who hears
le audiendos	le audiendas	the ones who hear

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Practica!

Go over the above LM sentences in this review lesson and read them aloud.