(449)PN *?al(ay)- "to be tired, to be unable, to be unwilling" > PIE (2.) *el- (for *a:l-[?, later] *al-) "to be tired, to rest"; in Hittite li-e (probably a shortened version of this root) element used with the present indicative to express a negative command; PAA *?al- "to be unable"; in Arabic ?alâ (?-l-w) "to be unable" (Arabic lâ, "not", is probably a shortened version of this root); in Egyptian nn (for **jn(w) "to be unable to"; nnj/y (for **jnj/y) "to be tired"; Uralic: Finnish älä (2nd sg.) / äl- or elä/el- imperative of the negative auxiliary verb; Yurak Samoyed / Nenets ele, el "not"; PD *al[a]- "to be tired, fatigued"; *al- "to be not (capable of being[?]) so-and-so"; PA *u(-)lE- negative particle (the first element [Bomhard's ü-] is possibly the negative described in #409) (source: PL *?A-NHA-[¿E-])

(434)PN *?as^y- "to sit" > PIE *e/e:s- "to sit"; PAA *?as^y-/*?6s^y- "to put, to place, to set; to sit, to be seated"; Egyptian **jz in **jz.t, "seat"; PU *as^ye- (following Rédei) "to place, to set, to lay, to erect a tent"; S in aš-te "seat, stool, throne"; in aš-ti "seat, throne", eš-de, eš-ki "throne" (source: PL *?A-SE)

(452)PN *?el- "to chew (cud), cud-chewing animal" > PIE (7.) *el-/*em>ol-/*L- (also *elk-/*em>olk-/*Lk-) "to be hungry"; (5.) *el-/*em>ol-/*L- "to destroy, to spoil (="to chew up")"; (1.) *el-/*em>ol-/*L- forms animal and tree names ("cud-chewer" and "what is chewed"); in *elk^- "deer and similar animals" (cf. OHG ëlho "elk"; PL *?E-NHA-KHXE); in *elg-/*olg-/*Lg- "pitiful, needy (="chewing"[?] = "hungry"; cf. OHG ilki "hunger"; PL *?E-NHA-K?A)"; PAA **?al- "to chew (cud)"; possibly in PSC (Proto-Southern-Cushitic) *?aale "hoofed, cud-chewing animal"; in **?alak- (Orel-Stobova *?alVk-) "to bite, to chew" (cf. PIE *elg- "pitiful, needy" {see above}); in **?alak- (Orel-Stobova *?ilik-) "tooth"; PU possibly in *äl3²- "tree-sap (if = "what is chewed; mastic")"; PA *elV(-k'V)- "deer"; possibly in *ele "fragrant grass (if = "what is chewed")"; probably in Mongolian ili "young deer, fawn", and Khalkha il "young deer, fawn"; PD **il- "stag, antelope, deer[?]" (possibly in Malto ilari "the mouse deer") (source: PL *?E-NHA)

(Addition AW)PN *?em^y- "to call out (measurements)" > PIE (3.) me:- (from **Heme-) "to measure"; in **me/e:d- (from **H(e)med-) "to measure"; PAA in *?amat- "to measure"; in Hebrew ?emeth "true"; possibly in Egyptian m3' (for **jm' [cf. Balto-Slavic *mato:- "to perceive"]) "true"; PA possibly in or related to mià(-)l'i- "to measure"[?] (source: PL *?E-ME[-T?A])

(437)PN *?er- "(antler) rack, antlered animal" > PIE (2.) *er-/*em>or-/*R "goat, sheep, cow, sheep, fallow-doe"; PAA *?ar "ram, goat"; Egyptian, possibly in j3.wt "herds"; in *?arkh- "cattle" (cf. OHG irah "male goat"; PL *?E-RA-KHXE[?]); PD **ir- in Tamil iralai "stag, a kind of deer"; Telugu iri "stag"; and irri "antelope" (source: PL *?E-RA)

(418)PN *?et?^y- "to eat" > PIE *ed-/*em>od- "to eat"; PAA **?at- (Orel-Stobova *?et-) "to eat"; PA *ite- "to eat" (source: PL *?E-T?E)

(396 & 401)PN *hhak?^y-(/k?er^y) "(to make) a runnel (for irrigation)(; irrigated field)" > PIE in *ag^-ro- (for **ag^er-) "field"; PAA *Haj- "to make a runnel"; Arabic in hajja "to probe a wound"; in Hajama "to scarify"; in Egyptian jk.w "stone-quarry"; jk.y "quarryman"; PA *ák'a- "crack, opening"; in *àk'u- "to dig, to delve"; PU possibly in *äk(-)t3- "to beat, to hew, to cut"; PD agar.- "to dig"; S ag "to cultivate"; agar_(2,3) (for **agir_(2,3)[?]) "field; commons" (source: PL *HHA-K?E-[RE])

(380)PN *hhal- "to start to go towards, to be changing into, to become" > PIE (2.) *al- "to grow, to cause to grow, to nourish"; PAA *hhal- "to become"; PA *aLV- "germinated seeds"; PD in *ala(-)r- "to blossom"; S al- conjugational prefix = 'come to be . . ."; possibly in 'al-'al "plantation"[?] (source: PL *HHA-NHA-)

(381)PN *hhasa:- "to shine (with heat)" > PIE *a/a:s- "to glow, to burn"; PAA *Has- in Arabic HasHasa "to roast meat on coals"; in Egyptian jz "oven" in Jz.t "Isis"; PFU *äs3- "to heat; very hot; to be very warm"; S as₂ **"roasted", abstracted from as₂-sa₈-še-sa "(sack of) roasted, hulled, emmer" (source: PL *HHA-SHA)

(382)PN *hhawa:- "to moisten" > PIE (9.) *aw(e)- "to sprinkle, to moisten, to flow"; PAA **Haw- (Orel-Stobova *h.VW-) "to moisten"; in Arabic Hawiya (*HHA-FHA-¿E) "to be or become dark green"; in Egyptian jw(-)H "to moisten"; PD in *var (*HHA-*FHA+*RHE "rain", possibly "to fall"; cf. PIE *awer- "[rain-]water ") "flood, torrent, inundation"; S in ur_2,3,4 (*HHA-FHA-RHE) "to flood" (source: PL *HHA-FHA)

(393)PN *hhawe:- "to glow with heat, to shine" > PIE **aw- in *awes- "to illuminate"; in *aug- "to gleam, to see"; PAA **Haw- in Arabic Hawira "to be or become white"; Sumerian u₄ (**ü:₄) "sun, light"; in ug₄ (**ü:g₄) "day, storm (lightning [?])" (source: PL *HHA-FHE)

(409)PN *hhe(w/y)- "to be gone, to be lacking" > PIE *e in Old Indian negative prefix a-[?]; (1.) *eu- (for *e:u-, later *eu-) "to lack, to be empty"; PAA *hhaw- "to be gone, to be lacking"; in Egyptian jw.ty "who/which is not" (cf. jw "to be boatless (="to be lacking")"; PU e (**e: from *hhey-[?]) negative; PA *u(-)lE- negative particle (the first element [Bomhard'sü-] is possibly the result of Nostratic *hhew-; the second, a shortened version of the negative described in #449) (source: PL *HHE-[FHA/¿E-])

(561)PN *hhen^w(/ow-) "**clepsydra(e), time" > PIE (2.) *en- "year"; *nu: (for **Henu), also shortened to *nu "now"; PAA *hhan(aw)- "**clepsydra(e), time" in Egyptian nw (for **jn(w) "time, hour"; S en_2,3 (for **in_x) "time, when"; in me-na-am₃ "when?" (for **mi₃-in_x-am₃ = "say time it is") (source: PL *HHE-NO[-FA-])

(385)PN *hhom^w- "to be very hot" > PIE (1.) *om-/*6m- (for **o:m-; cf. *o:mo-s) "raw, bitter"; PAA *hham- "to be very hot"; Arabic in hamma "to heat water"; in Egyptian hm "to be burning"; PA *umV- "fire; to burn"; S um₂ (for **ûm₂) "to be hot[?]" (source: PL *HHO-MO)

(370)PN *hhowa:(y)(s^w-) "sheep" > PIE in *ówi(s)- "sheep"; first element in *owi(-)ka: "ewe"; PAA **(hhawaya)sa- "sheep"; second element in Egyptian s "sheep"; PFU *u(-)ce- "sheep"; S first element in u₈ (for **û₈) "ewe"; us₅ (for **ûs₅) "mother ewe, adult female sheep" (source: PL *HHO-FHA-[?E-][SHO-])

(275)PN *k?en^w- "to have intercourse, to beget" > PIE in (1.) *g^enH₁-/*g^onH₁-/*g^NH₁- (*g^eno:- from *k?eno?-) "to beget (from "begotten")"; PAA *kan- "to beget" Arabic in kanaba "to stow a thing in a bag", kanara "to press a thing in a bag, to stick a spear"; in Egyptian kn(-)s "pubic region"; PD *ken.- "to have sexual intercourse"; S **gin-na (n.) "child" (source: PL *K?E-NO-)

(282)PN *k?er^y- "to split" > PIE in *g^er- /*g^or-/*g^R- "crumbling, to become ripe, to age"; in *gerebh (for **g^erebh-) "to scratch"; PAA *kar- "to split"; Arabic in karaba "to plough"; in karada "to cut"; in karâ (k-r-y) "to dig (a canal)"; in Egyptian s(-)k3 "to cultivate, to plough"; S **gir_x "to split" (source: PL *K?E-RE-)

(290)PN *k?or₁- "crane" > PIE *ger/or- /*gR- "crane"; AA *kar- "crane"; PU *korka- "crane"(?; or karka); PD *korku- "crane" (source: PL *K?O-RHA)

(293)PN *k?or^y₂- "to plait" > PIE *ger-/*gor-/*gR- "to plait, to tie together (by plaiting)"; "basket" with -bh- extension; PAA *kar- "to (re)turn"; PU *kori, "basket"(limited distribution); *kori-, "to plait" (based on Finnic-Samic *kuri- "to stitch, tie together"); S gur, (n.) "basket"; "to wind, to turn" (probably phonetic only for "to wind, to turn"; see 239); (source: PL *K?O-RE)

(239)PN *k?or^y₃- "to (re)turn" > PIE *ger-/*gor-/*gR- "to turn, to wind"; PAA *kar- "to (re)turn"; Egyptian T3(w) [bar-t], "don a garment" [ = "to wrap (repeatedly)"]; T3, "pellet"; s-T3, "roller for moving a ship, dung (fecal cylinder)"; PA *göre, "to turn, to twist, to wind, to wrap"; *guri- "wide, broad, thick"; S gur, "to wind, to turn" ("basket"; probably phonetic only; see 293); better gur₄, "to turn, to roll over"; gur₂, "ring"; gur, "hefty"; gur₄, gur₁₃, gur₁₄ "thick; to be or make thick" (source: PL *K?O-RHE)

(219)PN *k?xap?f^w- "top" > PIE * ghe/obh-(el-), "gable, head"; PAA *gab- probably in Arabic jabba, "to overcome"; in Egyptian Hb, "to triumph"; S *kap, "to overpower"; (source: PL *K?XA-P?FO)

(223)PN *k?xer^y- "to make/be bare (by scraping)" > PIE (2.) * g^her-/*g^hor-, "to scratch, to engrave, to scrape"; PAA *gar- "to make bare by scraping"; Arabic in jarjara "to drag"; in jarasha "to throw off slough (snake)"; in ?ajraza "to be barren"; in jarana "to grind"; in jarada "to strip a branch of leaves"; in Egyptian H3, "to run aground"; in H3-y, "to be naked"; in s-H3-j, "to strip"; PD *ci:r- (possibly also ker-) "to scratch"; PA in *k'ìr(-)ga- "to scrape, to file"; S *kir(i)₃, "to pinch off (better: "to scratch/scrape off[?]")"; *kir(i)₄, "nose (better "**face")" (source: PL *K?XE-RE)

(235)PN *k?xor₁- "to rumble, to roar, to growl, to gurgle" > PIE *gher-/*ghor- "to rumble, to roar, to growl, to gurgle"; PK *gRgwin- "to thunder, (n.) thunder", *gurgwal-, "to thunder, to rumble, to roar, (n.) thunder"; PAA *gar- "to rumble, to roar, to growl, to gurgle"; PD *kur- an imitative sound: "to bark, to snore, to snarl, to growl"; Altaic: Manchu (possibly in) gur seme "snarling, growling, talking too much" (source: PL *K?XO-RHA)

(225)PN *k?xor^y₂- "to stick out"; IE *gher-/*ghor- "to stick out"; in *ghre:-ti- '**mountain' (cf. MHD gra:t, "fishbone, plant-spike, pinnacle, mountain-ridge"; PU possibly in *kura- "thicket, underbrush"; PAA gar-, "to stick out", in Arabic jarra, "to leave the spear in the wound"; possibly in Arabic jarura, "to be courageous, bold-spirited"; in Egyptian x3-w, "plants"; in Egyptian x3-s-t, "hill-country" (cf IE *gher-s- in Greek khérs-os, "dry, barren, waste, hardened {i.e. mountainous[?]}"); possibly in s-x3, "to 'remember (cause to stick out[?])"; PD *ko/o:r.- "sprout"; *kùr_-(*d_-), "name of a mountain tribe", "**mountain" (cf. Malayalam kur_ icci, "hill country"); Altaic *kuri, "hill"; S kur "(n.) mountain", "rise up[?]"; kur₂ "to be different (= to stand out[?])", "(n.) sprout[?]" (source: PL *K?XO-RHE)

(257)PN *khxan^w- "hive; to hum, to sing" > PIE *kan- (for **kha/a:n-) "to sing, to ring"; PAA *ghan- "to hum, to sing, to buzz" in Arabic ?aghanna; Egyptian Hn "to cheer someone on"; in Hnw 'said of the onset of the wind'; Uralic *kan3-³ (Rédei) "to call"; Dravidian *kan.- "to sound, to tinkle, to rattle, to jingle" (source: PL *KHXA-NO)

(Addition T)PN *khxank- "(draping) peg; to drape (over)" > PIE *k(h)enk-/*k(h)onk-/*k(h)Nk-/*k(h)ek-/*k(h)ok- "(draping) peg, to drape (*over)"; PAA *ghanak- "to hang, (hanging) hook" possibly in Egyptian Hnk "to present, to offer"; S kak (for **kang/**ka(n)g[~]) "peg" (source: PL *KHXA-NA-KHA)

(Addition W)PN *khxankh(ar^w)- "hungry, to be hungry; hunger" > PIE (2.) *k(h)enk(-ró)-/*k(h)onk(-ró)-/*k(h)Nk(-ró)- "to be in pain; hungry, to hungry; hunger"; PAA *ghaqal- "hungry, to be hungry; hunger" in Egyptian Hqr "hungry, to be hungry; hunger"; S kan_(1,3,5) (for *kañ_(1,3,5)[?]) "apprehension, worry; affliction, trouble; to be troubled (if = "to be doubled over in pain")" (source: PL *KHXA-QHA[-RO])

(Addition Z)PN *khxano(y)nkh- "honey-comb" > PIE *k_en6kó- (for **kha/a:ne(i)nk-) "honey; honey-yellow, golden yellow"; PAA *ghanaq- "honey" in Egyptian Hnq.t "beer (better "mead")" (source: PL *KHXA-NO(-¿E<)-QHA)

(Addition U)PN *khxayk(u)- "shaman; power(ful)" > PIE **k^(h)a(:)k-/*k^(h)ek-/*k^(h)ok-/*k(h)eik(u)-/k(h)oik(u)-/k(h)ik(u)- "power(ful)"; PAA *ghayak- "power(ful)" in Egyptian Hk-3.w (for **Hjk-3.w) "magical spells"; Hk-3.y (for **Hjk-3.y) "magician"; S kak₂-(ku) (for **kag-gu₅) "(be) power(ful), lord" (source: PL *KHXA-¿E-KHA[-FA]) (source: PL *KHXA-¿E-KHA)

(203)PN *khxenk- "(hanging) hook; to hang" > PIE *k^(h)enk-/*k^(h)onk-/*k^(h)Nk- "to hang; (hanging) hook"; PAA *ghanak- "to hang, (hanging) hook" in Egyptian Hnk "to present, to offer"; (source: PL *KHXE-NA-KHA)

(205)PN *khxer^y(re?-) "to husk(ed), to pick off (to be picked off), to reveal (to be revealed), to cause to appear (to be caused to appear)" > PIE (2.) *k^er-/*k^or-/*k^R- (for **k^her-/**k^hor-/**k^hR-) "to grow, to make grow, to nourish", *k^re:- (for **k^hre:-) "to be picked"; (4.) *k^er-/*k^or-/*k^R- (for **k^her-/**k^hor-/**k^hR-) "to damage, to fall apart", *k^re:- (for **k^hre:-) "to be crumbling (on the surface)"; PAA *ghar "to pick, to husk, to reveal"; Arabic in gharrara "to come forth"; in maghriz-un "grove"; in gharasa "to plant"; in Egyptian H3.t "food"; in H3.w "vintage"; in s-H3 "to strip, to reveal"; PD *kir.(i)- "to pluck"; *ki:r- (khxere?-) "herbs, greens"; possibly in *kir- "small, young (if = "naked")"; PU *kere-² "bark"; S kir₃ "to nip off"; ^(G[~]IŠ)kiri₆ (khxere?-) "orchard, garden" (source: PL *KHXE-RE[-?A])

(209 & 246)PN *khxor^y "to cut off" > PIE (2.) *ker-/*kor-/*kR- (for **kher-/**khor-/**khR-) "to cut"; PAA *ghar- "to cut"; Arabic in gharrara "to cut"; in Egyptian x3j "to measure (if = "to cut off" or "cut marks on")"; Egyptian x3 "office (= "section")"; in Egyptian x3.yt "slaughter, massacre"; PD **kur- "to cut"; in *kUr-ad.- "trunk, log, stump" and *kurc- "stump"; PA *ku:r- "to cut out; sharp"; PU *kur3-⁴ "knife"; S kur₅ "to cut off" (source: PL *KHXO-RE)

(582)PN *la(:)hhex-)[?] "to shake off vigorously (to clean), to clean off by shaking" > PIE *(s)la:g^w- "to take, to grip, to grab"; PAA *lahhax- "to rid of "; in Egyptian **nš (for **njš) "to expel, to drive apart, to put away ("to shake off")"; S in lah₃ "to clean (for "to shake vigorously")"; lah_(4,5) "drive off; to plunder, to take away; to fling (away) ("to shake vigorously")" (source: PL *NHA-HHE-XA)

(584)PN *la(:)w- "to loosen; loose" > PIE (2.) *lew- (for **la:w-, later **law-) "to loosen"; PAA *law- "to loosen, **to lie/deceive"; PU possibly in *n^yu(-)j3- "to flay, to pull off the skin or pelt"[?] (Rédei); S lu₅ (n.) "liar"; (v.) "to lie, to deceive"; (adj.) "false, treacherous" (source: PL *NHA-FHA-)

(580)PN *la(:)w(/a(:)k^w-/ko¿-/kor^w-) "to vibrate, to shimmer, to glitter"/"to shine"/"to be bright" > PIE *leukh(y-)/*loukh(y-)-/*lukh(y-)- "to shine, to be bright"; PAA *law- "to shine, to gleam, to glitter"; in Arabic liwâ?-un "flag, standard"; in Arabic lâha (l-w-h) "to gleam"; in Arabic lâHa (l-w-H) "to shine (star)"; in Arabic lauH-un "metal plate"; Egyptian nT(-)r (for **nwT-r; cf. IE *leuk-ro-) "god (if = "very bright" {stellar divinity})"; S in lah₍₂₎ (for **lûh_x[?]) "to sparkle, to shine; light" (source: PL *NHA-FHA[-KHO]{-¿A-}/{-RO-})

(577)PN *l²e(:)m^w- "to break/come apart easily; very fragile" > PIE (1.) *le(:)em- "to break apart; broken apart(, soft)"; (2.) *le(:)em- "to gape"; PAA *lam- "to gape"[?]; perhaps in Arabic lamma "to be seized with madness (if "to gape"[?])"; probably in Egyptian nm "to go wrong (plans); to rob, to steal"; perhaps in Egyptian nm.t "slaughter-house"; PU *n^yäm3- "soft" (Rédei); PD *ñim- "to stretch"; S **lim(m)u- "to break apart[?]" (source: PL *NHE-MHO-)

(579)PN *l²e(:)w-(/wa(:)th^w-) "to dirty ("dirt") > PIE *le:u(t)- "to make dirty ("[infestation of creatures living in ]dirt")"; PAA lawat^w in Arabic lâTa (l-w-T) "to stain, to tarnish, to soil, to sully", lauTâ "stain, blot, spot"; S lu₃ (for **lü₃ from **liu) "to become dark (= "to become dirty")" (source: PL *NHE-FHA[-THO])

(576)PN *lo(:)m^w- "to be slack; soft" > PIE (1.) *lem- (for **lo:m-, later **lom-) "(to break apart; broken apart,) soft"; PAA *lam- "to be soft"; perhaps in Egyptian nm(-)' "to be one-sided, partial (if "soft of arm"[?])"; PU *n^y8m3^-1- "soft" (Rédei); PA *n^yuma- "warm, soft, mild"; S lum "to soften" (source: PL *NHO-MHO-)

(581)PN *l³o(:)w-(/wa(:)hh-/wa(:)k?x^w-/wa(:)k?xohh-) "to wash" ("wash water"/"washing hole"/"washing agent") > PIE *lo(:)u/w6-/wa(:)gh/ugha: "to wash" ("wash water"/"washing hole"/"washing agent"); PAA *lawag- "to wash"; in Egyptian **rwx "to wash"; rxt (for **rwxj.t) "to wash"; rx.ty (for **rwxj.tj "washerman"; S in luh "to wash" (source: PL *RHO-FHA[-HHA/-K?XO/K?XO-HHA])

(Addition AC)PN *ma- "where" (relative pronoun) > PIE *me-/*mo- "where[?]" in Breton ma "what"; S me-a (for **ma₆[?]) "where?"; me-še₃ (for **ma₆-še₃) "whither?" (source: PL *MA-)

(422)PN *ma?- "(to be) full, ripe" > PIE (2.) *ma:- "*full, good, at a good time, appropriately timed"; PAA *ma?- "(to be) full, (to be) filled"; PA in *má:-jV- (n.) "fat"; Dravidian *ma:- "big, great (really: "*full-term")"; *ma:- "black, dark" (="ripe"); in *ma:n.- "to become excellent, glorious; to be full, abundant, great; (n.) greatness, excellence, splendor, glory" S ma₆ (for **mâ₆) "luxuriant"; ma (for **mâ) "date (really "ripe")" (source: PL *MA-?A)

(545)PN *ma?ak?x "(to be) infant(ile)" > PIE *ma(:)gh- "infant"; in *ma(:)ghu- "infantile, young"; in *ma(:)ghos- "infancy"; PAA *ma?ag- in Late Egyptian mH (for **mjH) "child"; PD in *maG-l- (for **ma(:)k- + **-l-) "child" (source: PL *MA-?A-K?XA-(FA-)/(SHA-)

(537)PN *ma?at?^w "(water-)drop; to drip" > PIE *ma(:)d- "wet; to drip"; PAA *ma?ad^w- "(water-)drop; to drip"; perhaps in Arabic maDDa "to grieve (if = "to drip [tears]")"; in Egyptian mt.wt (for **mjt.wt [Coptic {S} matou]) "semen, seed, progeny, poison" (source: PL *MA-?A-T?O-)

(546)PN *mak?x- "(to be) full (of), (to be) large (with)" > PIE *meg(h)- "big, great"; Kartvelian: in Georgian magali "high, great"; PAA *mag- "(to be) full" in Egyptian mH "(to be) full" (source: PL *MA-K?XA-)

(514)PN *mak?xa¿- "(to be) completely full (of); (to be) amply large (with), great with" > PIE *meg^h-/*mog^h- (from **meghy-) "(to be) full of; (to be) large with"; PAA *maga¿- "(to be) completely full (of)"; perhaps in Arabic maja¿a "to speak and act inconsiderately (if = "to be completely full of one's self")"; in Egyptian mHj "to be drowned"; S mah "(to be) large" (source: PL *MA-K?XA-¿A)

(528)PN *mal- "to become full" > PIE *me/ol- "to become full"; PAA *mal- "to become full"; PD *mal- "to increase, to abound, to be plentiful, to be full; (n.) abundance, wealth, strength, greatness" (source: PL *MA-NHA)

(520)PN *man- "dwelling place; to dwell, to stay" > PIE (5.) *men-/*mon-/*mN- "to stay"; PAA *man- "to dwell, to stay"; PD *man- "dwelling; to be (at), to dwell, to stay; (n.) dwelling"; PA *mana- "to stand watch" (source: PL *MA-NA)

(522)PN *mar^y- "be weaned, be young" > PIE in **mer(-)yo- "young man"; (6.) *mer-/*mor-/*mR- "to forget, to neglect"; PAA in *mara?- "young man"; Egyptian m3 "new"; PD in *mar(-)i "young of animals; husband, man, son"; S amar (for **mar₂) "calf" (source: PL *MA-RHE)

(527)PN *math^w- "to (cause to) congregate (for counting), to add up" > PIE in **met-/*mot- "to measure", listed incorrectly under (3.) me:- ; PAA in *maT- "to thicken" in Arabic tamaTmaTa, "to become thick, to coagulate"; in Egyptian mt(-)y "accurate, precise"; PD in *mat. "level, measure"; S perhaps in mad "land (if = "measure of land"[?])" (source: PL *MA-THO)

(517)PN *maths^w-[?] (but possibly *meths^w-) "middle" > PIE *met- (for **meth-) "middle"; PAA *maths^w- "middle"; Arabic in muSSa-t-un (m-S) "choice part, pith"; possibly in Egyptian m' "together with" (if not cognate with IE *me-dh(-)i-; Nostratic *mat?s^w; PL *MA-*T?SO, 'on (the) arm (of), with') (source: PL *MA-THSO)

(Addition AA)PN *mayak?xa¿- "(to be) overly full (of); (to be) excessively large (with), excessively great with" > PIE *meig^h-/*moig^h-/*mig^h- (from **meighy-) "(to be) overly full (of), (to be) excessively large (with); to overflow; to urinate"; PAA *mayaga¿- (simplified to a triliteral root for Semitic: *maga¿[?]) "(to be) overly full (of), (to be) excessively large (with); to overflow"; perhaps in Arabic maja¿a "to speak and act inconsiderately (if = "to be overly full of one's self")"; in Egyptian mHj (for **mjHj) "to be inundated"; in Egyptian mH (for **mjHj) "manure"; PD *mik- "to exceed, to surpass, to be in excess, to grow, to increase, to swell, to expand; (adj.) great, much, superior; (n.) abundance, fullness, excess, surplus"; S mah (for **mêh) "(to be) excessive[?]" (source: PL *MA-¿E-K?XA-¿A)

(Addition AB)PN *ma:th- "digging-stick" > PIE *ma(:)t- "(pick-)axe, mallet/stick"; PAA *mat- "stick"; in Egyptian mdw "staff, rod, *digging-stick"; PD *mat.- "stalk, branch"[?]; S in mad(-)lu "right-angled tool (if = "pick-axe")"; mat₂ (for **mâd₂), '**rod' (source: PL *MHA-THA-(FHA-)

(524)PN *me- "call out; what?" (interrogative construction) > PIE *me-/*mo- "what[?]" in Breton ma "what"; PAA *ma "what?"; PK in *mi-n- interrogative pronoun "who?"; PU *mi- interrogative and relative pronoun stem; Altaic: Turkish mi, mI "what?"; S in me-na-am₃ (for **mi₃-in_x-am₃) "what time is it?, when?"; PE (Proto-Eskimo) *mi "what about?" (enclitic particle) (source: PL *ME-)

(540)PN *me-² "caller out=speaker=I" 1st person personal pronoun stem > PIE *me-/*mo- 1st person personal pronoun stem; PK *me-, *men- 1st person personal pronoun stem; PAA *ma- 1st person personal pronoun stem (non-Semitic only); PU *me- "I" 1st person singular personal pronoun stem; *me "we" 1st person plural personal pronoun stem; PA (*mi >) *bi "I" 1st person singular personal pronoun stem (nominative); *min- id. (oblique); S (Emesal) me-e (for mi₃-e) "I"; also ma(-e) (for **mâ[?]) and me-a (dissimilated from mi₃-e[?]); (Emeku and Emesal) -me (for -mi₃) "our" 1st person plural possessive suffix); Eskimo-Aleut: West Greenlandic "my" 1st person singular relative possessive suffix -ma (source: PL *ME-)

(523)PN *me:- "come off of"; prohibitive > Indo-European *me: prohibitive; Kartvelian: Svan (particle of modal negation) ma:d "no, not", ma:m(a) "not", ma:ma "no"; PAA *ma: prohibitive particle (source: PL *MHE)

(516)PN *me?- "sickle; to saw off, to reap, to mow" > PIE *me:, *me(:)t- "to harvest, to reap"; PAA *ma? "to saw"; in Egyptian m3 (for **mj3) "to reap, to harvest" [cf. Arabic ma?ara "to sow discord between (if = "to saw between"; and ma?ira "to feel hatred for" (if = "to be sawed on by")]; S me₃ (for **mî_x) "battle"[?] (source: PL *ME-?A)

(513)PN *meh^y- "(to be worthy of) remark; remarkable" > PIE (4.) *me:-/*mo:- "great, considerable"; PAA *mah- "(to be worthy of) mention"; in Egyptian s-mj "to report [cause to be remarked]"; perhaps also in my, particle = "I say"[?]; Dravidian *me:-[l-]- "fine, good"; in *me:l-ti- "chief, head; greatness, excellence"; S me (for mi₃, i.e. **mî₃) "to speak, to call" (source: PL *ME-HE)

(408)PN *mehh^y- "to announce (measurements) after inspection, to measure" > PIE (3.) *me:- "to (call out) measure(ments)"; PAA *maH "to measure"; in Arabic maHana "to prove something, to examine a student (if = "to measure"; cf. IE *me:-no- "measure")"; ?imtaHana "examine a word (if = "to measure"; cf. IE *me:-no- "measure")"; in Egyptian m3' (for **mj': Nostratic *mehheths^w- "to physically measure") "true, real"; PA probably in *miá(-)là- "to measure; measure" (cf. IE *me:l- in Old Icelandic moe:la "(to start) to measure"); S me (for mi₃) "ideal norm" (source: PL *ME-HHE)

(535)PN *mel- "to lick" > PIE *mel/*mol/*mL-- "to lick"; PAA *mal- "to lick" (source: PL *ME-NHA)

(529)PN *melay- "licky=sweet" > PIE *me/oley- "sweet"; PAA *malay- "sweet" (source: PL *ME-NHA-¿E)

(519)PN *men^w- "conversation; to converse" > PIE *men-/*mon-/*mN- "to reckon, to consider, to think (to mentally discuss)"; PAA *man- "to recall"; PU *mäna-[?] "to say"; PD *min.- "to murmur (to one's self)"; S *men₂ (for *min_x) "to speak, to call" (source: PL *ME-NO)

(525)PN *mer- "to stab" > PIE (6.) *mer-/*mor-/*mR- "to disturb, anger (="to stab, jab")"; PAA *mar "to stab"; in Arabic marra "to be bitter"; in maraqa "to pierce through"; in Egyptian s(-)m3, "to kill (if ="to cause to be stabbed")"; PD *mer- "to cause pain"; S g[~]ir₂ (for mir₃[?]) "knife, dagger, sword, thorn, scorpion (if = "stabber")" (source: PL *ME-RE)

(Addition AE)PN *mereh/w- "to be stabbed, to feel pain" > PIE *mer6-/*mor6-/*mR6- "to be dying (if = "to be in [terminal] pain")"; *merew-/*morew-/*mRew- "to be dead (if = "to have been caused to be repeatedly stabbed")"; PAA *marah- "to be weak through pain"; in Egyptian mr (for **m3w[?]; Nostratic mérew- > *mer^w[?]; cf. IE *mR-wó- "dead" ["the state resulting from repeated stabbing"{?}]) "to be sick, to be ill, to be in pain (if = "to be repeatedly stabbed")"; PD *mer- "to cause pain"; S **miri₃ speculatively **"to be in pain, to be sick" (source: PL *ME-RE-HA / -FA-)

(521)PN *mew- "to repeatedly lick, to dampen" > PIE (5.) *mew-/*mow-/*mu- "damp; to moisten"; PAA *maw- "to dampen"; (source: PL *ME-FA)

(Addition AF)PN *meyen- "palisade, to be fenced off, to be established, to be firmly/enduringly fixed" > PIE (1.) *mei-n-/*moi-n-/*min- "palisade; to firmly/enduringly fix"; PAA *mayan- "to be firmly/enduringly fixed"; Egyptian mn (for **mjn) "**to be fenced off, to be established, to be firmly fixed"; in Egyptian mn.w (for **mjn.w = "palisades") "monument, plantation, fortress"; S men (for **mên) "crown (if "palisaded city-wall symbol") (source: PL *ME-¿E-NA)

(Addition AD)PN *mo:- "human, who" (personal relative pronoun) > PIE only as *mo-n-u-s (for **mo:-n-u-s) "(hu)man"; PAA in *ma-n- '"who?"; Altaic: Turkish mu, mü "who?"; S only as mu₆ (possibly **mû) "(hu)man" (source: PL *MHO-)

(555)PN *mo:-² "human, this one (animate)" demonstrative stem > Indo-European *mo- demonstrative stem (preserved vestigially in Celtic); PK *ma- "this one (animate), he" demonstrative stem; PFU *mu- "other (one), another (one) [animate{?}]"; Altaic: CT (Common Turkic) (*mu:/*mo; >) *bu:/*bo: "this (one)" [animate{?}] (nominative singular); *mu-n- id. (oblique); Mongolian mön (from Nostratic **mo:ni [?]) deictic word serving as a demonstrative pronoun, adjective, adverb, and copula (source: PL *MHO-)

(530)PN *mo?ar^w-(/roy-) "bank (of any body of water)" > PIE *mo(:)r-i- "a body of water: lake, sea"; PAA *ma?ar^w- "bank (of any body of water)"; in Egyptian mr (for **mjr {Coptic [S] me:r, 'shore'}) "any body of water: lake, pool, cistern, flood, reservoir, stream, basin, canal"; PA *mö:r- (from **mo:ri) "river, water"; PU probably in *mor(-)t3 "end, edge, bank"; PD *mur(-i)- (Starostin) "mud"[?]; S mul_2,4 (for **mûl_2,4(u) "bank[?]" (source: PL *MO-?A-RO-[¿E-])

(518)PN *mol- "to crumble by rubbing" > PIE *mel/mol-/*mL- "to rub, to crush, to grind"; PAA *mal- "to rub, to crush, to grind"; PU *mola-[?] "to crumble" (source: PL *MO-NHA) (533)PN *mon- "to bulge" > PIE (1.) *men-/*mon-/*mN- "to rise up"; PAA *man- in Egyptian mn "mountain, stone hill" (Budge); mnw "monument"; PU *mongka- (from **mon-ka-[?]) "bend (if = "bulge slightly")"; PD *mun- "front (if = "chest" = "slight bulge")"; S possibly **mun, **"mountain" munu (if = **mun "mountain" + u₂ "food") "salt" (source: PL *MO-NA)

(549)PN *mon^w- "testicle"; "egg" > PIE in **mon-dh/d- "testicle" in Common Slavic *moⁿdo- "testicle"; PU *muna- "egg, testicle"; PD in *mun.t.ay- "egg, testicle" (source: PL *MO-NO) (534)PN *monat?s- "breast" > PIE (1.) *mend-(from **mendh-)/*mond-/*mNd- "breast"; PAA *manad- in Egyptian mnD "breast"; PD in *moñci- (from **mon(a)t- + -*i- "breasts" (source: PL *MO-NA-T?SA)

(532)PN *mora:(-w)- "to be black; to be red (black spot)" > PIE (3.) *(mer-) "to blacken; dark color"; *moru- "dirt-spot"; *moro- "blackberry, mulberry (black/red one)"; PAA *mar(aw)- in Egyptian mrS (Coptic [S] morS, 'to be (light) red'); probably in mr(-)wr.yt "black stork"; in B merre "red (of hair)"; PU *mura- (for **mura:) "rubus chamaemorus (cloudberry), blackberry[?]"; PD *mur- (Starostin) "to dry up, to wither (to darken), to burn, to singe, to scorch (to blacken); fuel; S muru (for **murû) "spotty; to be unclean; poor repair; dejection"[?] (source: PL *MO-RHA-[FA-])

(526)PN *mo:r- "to crumble by rubbing" > PIE *me:/o:r- "to disintegrate"; PU *mura- (or *muri-[?]) "to crumble"; PD *mur_- "to crush, to break, to cut", *mur-, "to break, to crush, to destroy"; S(umerian) mur(?), "to crush, to grind" (source: PL *MHO-RA)

(Addition AV)PN *mot?^w- "testicle"; "egg" > PIE *med-/*mod- "testicle"; PAA **mat- in Egyptian mt "**testicle, bolus"; PA possibly in *ùmu-tki- (if segmentable as *ù-mut-ki-[?]) "egg"; PD *mot.- "egg" (source: PL *MO-T?O)

(521)PN *nat?^w- "(to exude) interior semi-liquid material" > PIE *nedo- "reed"; *ned- "(spring-fed[?]) river/stream"; PAA *nat?^w- "(to exude) interior semi-liquid material" in Arabic naDDa "to ooze forth"; in Egyptian nt "water, flood-water"; PU in natta "mucus, slime" (source: PL *NA-T?O)

(562)PN *no(w/y) "to put inside, to discontinue, to stop" negative ("never"/"absent"="not") > PIE (2.) *ne(y) negative ("not"); PK *nu prohibitive particle; PAA *na negative in Egyptian n(j/y) "not"; PA in *a:(-)ni- "not"; negative verb; S nu negative; na (for **nû₈) prohibitive ("never[?]") (source: PL *NO[FA/¿E])

(295)PN *nka¿an^w- "to recognize, to know (how)" > PIE (2.) *g^yen-/*g^yon/*g^yN (*g^eno:- from *nka¿ano?-, "known") "to recognize, to know (how to)"; PAA *qa¿an- "to observe closely"; Egyptian in qnj (for **qjn(-)j) "to be able"; PD *kan.- (for **ka:n.-) "eye"; *ka:n.- "to see, to observe, to consider"; (?)PE *kangiRci- "to understand" (source: PL *QA-¿A-NO-)

(217)PN *nkal- "to make round" > PIE (1.) *gel-/*gol-/*gL- "to form into a ball, to ball up, what is rounded, what is spherical"; PAA *qal- "to make round"; Arabic in qalt-un "eye-cavity"; in qalada "to put a necklace on"; in qilf-un "tree-bark"; in Egyptian qnj "to embrace; bosom"; PA possibly in *giá:l'u- "ring, bracelet"; S gala₂ (for **(n)g[~]³ala₂; *nkala?, "made round, rounded") "storage-pit" (source: PL *QA-NHA-)

(Addition AG)PN *nkan- "to be bent over, to submit, to be crouched giving birth" > PIE *gen-/*gon/*gN "to press together, to pinch, to crease, something pressed together, something balled up"; PAA *qan- "to be bent over" in Arabic qanata "to humble one's self"; in qaniya "to be hooked"; Egyptian qnj "to overpower"; in qn(-)b "to bend, to bow, to incline one's self, to subjugate"; PD *kan- "to bear or bring forth, to beget, to bear children; (n.) young of various animals, young child"; S (n)g[~]³an- "to bear, to bring forth, to give birth to" (source: PL *QA-NA-)

(Addition AQ)PN *nkem-(/ma?-) "to glue together ("glued together")" > PIE *g^em-/*g^om-/*g^M- (*g^em6-/*g^om6-/*g^M6-) "to be married"("to be glued together"); PAA *qam- "to glue together"; Arabic in qama?a "to stay in (a place)"; Egyptian in qm.j "gummed"; qm.yt "gum, resin"; qm(-)3 "to create ("to cause to adhere together")"; PU possibly in *kämä- "firm"; S (n)g[~]³im "to make, to do, to create"; (source: PL *QE-MA-[?A-])

(Addition V)PN *nkhakhx(u)- "club, hammer; to bend by hammering" > PIE *kek(h)u- "club, hammer"; AA *qagh(aw)- "to hammer" in Egyptian qHqH "to hammer, to bend by hammering"; S ge/iš (for **(n)k²ak_x; or, for (n)kak²₂[-ku]) "tool (="hammer[?]")" (source: PL *QHA-KHXA[-FA])

(360)PN *nkhal- "(to cause) to rise (in an arc)"; IE *kel-/*kol- "to rise up"; PAA qal-, "to rise", in Arabic qalla, "to lift, to raise"; in Egyptian qn-jw, "palanquin, portable shrine"; Altaic **kal- (Starostin has *kel-), "to rise" (source: PL *QHA-NHA)

(574)PN *nka(:)m^w- "to bend over so as to be together, to press together" > PIE (1.) *kem- (for **(n)ka(:)m-, later **kam-) "to press together (by doubling over)"; PAA *qam- "to press together" (Ehret has the root as #447 **k^w'am- "to curve") in Arabic qamaza "to pick up with the fingers", qamasha "to pick up refuse", qamaTa "to swaddle", qama¿a "to empty a skin"; in Egyptian qm(-)3 "to hammer out"; PFU *n^y8m3^-2- (for **n^yam3^-2-; see Rédei, who discusses the irregular vowel correspondence) "to press (together), to squeeze"; S kam(sub>(1,2) (n.) "grasp, grip"; PD *ñam- "to press, to squeeze, to crush, to pinch" (source: PL *QHA-MO-)

(Addition B)PN *nkhar₁- "summit" > IE *ka(:)r- "height" (a variant form of *ker- (sic!: no palatalization) "head"); PAA qar-, "horn, highest point", in Arabic ma-qar-â (q-r-y) "summit of a hill"; Egyptian q3(-j) "tall, high"; PD *cir_- "to be eminent, illustrious; to surpass; to be abundant; pre-eminence, abundance, wealth"; Altaic *kir- "mountain(-side), edge" = "summit[?]"; S **ñar₃ "high" (source: PL *QHA-RA)

(Addition C)PN *nkhar^y₂- "to elevate" > IE (2.) *ka(:)r- "praise"; PAA qar-, "horn, highest point", in Arabic qar-n-un "horn, summit" (probably better "peak"); additionally in qari-¿-un "hero of his time" and qirrî-¿-un "chief, hero"; in Egyptian s-q3 "praise, extol"; S **ñar[?] for nar "sing" = "praise[?]" (source: PL *QHA-RE)

(261)PN *nkhaykhx- "bent stick, plow" > PIE *ka/a:k(h)- "bent stick, plow"; AA *qayagh- "bent stick, **plow" in Late Egyptian q(3)H(3) "wooden brace on the neck of prisoners, harness horses/cattle, men; equipment for garden buildings"; qH-y (BOtD) "moon"; S ge/iš (for **(n)kak²_x) "plow" (source: PL *QHA-¿E-KHXA)

(Addition X)PN *nkhays^w- "bone" > PIE *keis- /*kois-/*kis- "arm, thigh"; AA *qayas- "bone" in Egyptian q(j)s "bone"; S ge/iš (for *(n)g[~]ês) and niš₂ (for *ñês_x "bone" (source: PL *QHA-¿E-SO)

(200)PN *nkher- "horn, highest point" > IE **k^er-/k^or- "horn, highest point"; PU *kura, "body (= corpse[?])" ; PAA qar-, "horn, highest point", in Arabic qar-n-un "horn, summit" (probably better "peak"); additionally in qari-¿-un "hero of his time" and qirrî-¿-un "chief, hero"; PD *cir_- "to be eminent, illustrious; to surpass; to be abundant; pre-eminence, abundance, wealth"; Altaic *kir- "mountain(-side), edge" ; S **ñir[?] for nir "prince, lord" (probably **ñir₆ "esteemed, prince") (source: PL *QHE-RA)

(Addition Y)PN *nkhoy-(nkhoy-) "bound(-up)" > PIE *keink^- /*koink^-/*kink^- (Pokorny (1.) *kenk-) "to gird, to tie on or around"; AA *qay- "restricting" in Egyptian qj.t "duty"; S nini (for *ñiñi) "to surround" (source: PL *QHO-¿E(QHO-¿E)

(Addition F)PN *p?a?- "to be separated"; PIE (2.) *wa:- (*waH-) "to be separated, to be apart"; in *wa:i- (*waHy-) "weak, wretched", and with the further extension -l: *wa:il- (*waHyl-) "weak, poor"; *wa:t-, "to be emotionally excited (if "to be separated from")"; PAA **ba?- "to be separated" (Akkadian bî?a, "hole"; in Arabic ba?îl-un "small, wretched, paltry [if "to be deprived of"]"; ba?at.a "to recline quietly on one's side, neglect [if "to be disassociated from"]"); PD in *pa:j- "to separate, to part, to comb"; *pi:l- "weak"; PA in *p'a:ji "part"; Sumerian ba "piece; to divide"; in be₂ (for bê₂ = PN *p?a?y-) "to diminish, to lessen" (source: PL *P?A-?A)

(Addition D)PN *p?al- "to (begin to) split"; PIE **bel-/**bol-; (1.) *bel-, "to cut out, to dig out, to hollow out"; (1.) *bhel-/*bhol- "flake", incorrectly inferred from *bh(e)leu-/*bh(e)lou- **"to split (cf. Old Icelandic bleg e, "wedge")"; and *bhle/e:i-/*bhlo/o:i-/**bhli:- "**slit" in Russian blizná "break of threads in fabric", and Polish blizna "scar"; and *bhle/e:u-/*bhlo/o:u-/**bhlu:- "**flake" in Latvian blu:zga "skin which is becoming unattached"; back formation (which retained bh), probably *bholo- "flake" in Greek pholís, "scale"; (8.) *wel-/**wol- "wound"; PAA *bal- "to split (balata, balaga, balaqa, balâ)"; PD *pal- "tooth (if "splitter")"; possibly in *pa:>l- "seedling (if "splitter"[?]), from Sergei Starostin's website; PA *p/p'ala "tooth (from **bala, influenced by Uralic *pala[?])"; *ba:li- "harm, wound"; in *pà:li- "to be separated, divided"; Uralic *pala "bit, bite, to eat"; *pala "spear, spit"; Sumerian *bal "to dig out" (source: PL *P?A-NHA)

(32)PN *p?ar^y- "to split" > PIE (7.) *wer-/*wor-/*wR- "to rip open, to score"; in *bhredh-/*bhrodh-/*bhRdh- (Pokorny: *bheredh- "to cut") "(piece) split off"; PAA *bar-/*b6r- "to scrape, to cut, to carve"; PA *p'ára- "cross-beam, constructing piece"; *p'arV- "thill"; PU *para- (Rédei: *par3-) "to scrape, to cut, to carve"; PD *par- "to cut, to split"; S bar "to split (with a tool or weapon)"; bar "to cut into, to notch, to cut or slit open, to carve, to slice, to cut up"; bar "to dig, to excavate" (source: PL *P?A-RE)

(10)PN *p?el^w- "(to) damp(en)"; PIE **bel-/**bol-; (3.) *bhel-/*bhol- "**to overflow", incorrectly inferred from *bhleu-/*bhlou- "to blow up, to overflow, to flow"; back formation (which retained bh), probably *bholo- "steam, mist"; **wel-/**wol- "to dampen", in (2.) *welk- "moist, wet"; PAA *bal- "to dampen (balla)"; PD *pe:l.- "to defecate"; PA *byalu "dirt (probably better "mud")"; Sumerian cf. bi "to pour out" (cf. Dravidian *pi:- "excrement"; bid₃ "to defecate, to urinate"; biz "to pour out") (source: PL *P?E-NHO)

(26 rev.)PN *p?en^w- "to inseminate"; PIE **ben-/**bon-; (1.) *wen-/*won- "to inseminate", in Hittite wen- "to have intercourse with"; PAA *ban- "to construct, to build, to erect (a house), to inseminate (banâ)"; PD *pin.- "to entwine, to twist"; *pinn- "to plait, to braid, to twist together"[?]; Sumerian possibly in pin (for **bin_x) "to inseminate[?]", an alternate reading or element of apin "seeder-plow" (source: PL *P?E-NO)

(10 & 14)PN *p?ol- "to puff (up)"; PIE **bel-/*bol- "to puff", (2.) *bel-, "strong"; also occurring in (3.) *bhel-, "to blow up, to swell up, to grow", with derivatives in -u(:)(-i) and -i: *bhlei, "to blow up, to swell", and *bh(e)leu-, "to be weak, to be sick"; and in (2.) *swel-, "to smolder"; PAA in *bal-aH- "to become worn out"; in Egyptian fn, "to be weak, faint"; PD *pol- "to perish, to be weakened"; *pol-i-, "to increase"; Altaic *bo:lo/e-, "to be (as a result of "becoming, growing[?]"; cf. Mongolian *bol, "to become")"; Sumerian bul, "to blow"; bulug[~]₃ (assimilated from **bulag[~]₃), "to grow" (source: PL *P?O-NHA)

(28)PN *p?on^w- "swelling"; PIE **wen-/**won-, "swelling", from which *wendh-/*wondh-/*wNdh- "to plait"; PU *puna- "to plait"; PD *pon.- "to join"; in *pun.-ud- "boil, wound"; Sumerian bun and bun₂ "blister; to be swollen" (source: PL *P?O-NO)

(Addition G)PN *p?ong^w- "blister, boil"; PIE *we-n-g- (for *weng-) "be bowed"; note Albanian vegëlë "handle" ; PAA *baq- "blister"; possibly in Egyptian fg-3 "defecate"[?]; PD *ponk- (which Starostin's website has as *pong-), "to increase, to swell, to expand"; *pong-, "smoke"[?]; Uralic *pang(ka)- {for **ponga[?]}"handle"; PFU *pungka, *pongka "rounded protuberance, lump" (source: PL *P?O-QO)

(9)PN *p?ow- "to grow"; PIE in *bew-/*bow- > *bhew-/*bhow- "to grow"; PAA *baw- "to grow"[?]; S **bu₁₀ "to grow" (sign which reads bulug~₃, "to grow", also reads bu₁₀); PE *puv6- "to swell"; PI *puvala- "to be fat"; *puvliq- "to swell up" (source: PL *P?O-FA)

(21)PN *p?fah^y- "to shout"; PIE (2.) *bha:- (*bhaH-) "to speak (publicly)"; PAA *bah- "to shout (bahala "to curse")"; in Egyptian bjbj "acclamation"; PD **pa(:)-, "be loud"; PA perhaps in *bája "happiness, joy (="loud celebration"[?]); Sumerian pa₁₀ "speak loudly" (the sign reading ŠI also reads pa₁₀, and means, among other things, "speak"); in be₂ (for **pê₂ [another reading for the sign read be₂] from PN *p?fahey [PL P?FA-HE-¿E]), "to speak, to say" (source: PL *P?FA-HE)

(3)PN *p?fah^y- "to come across from a halo, to shine" > PIE (1.) *bha:-/*bh6- "to gleam, to illuminate, to shine"; PAA *bah- "to shine"; PA (in[?]) *paja "to shine, to glitter"; S pa(*-i₁₀) "to shine" (source: PL *P?FA-HE)

(Addition E)PN *p?fah^(y)l(u)- "to be cursed, evil"; PIE **bhe(:)lu-/**bho(:)lu-, with transferral of the stress-accent: (2.) *bhle:u-/*bhlo:u-/*bhlu:- "weak, wretched" ; PAA *bahal- "to curse"; also, probably with deletion of the medial h: balâ "to afflict" ?a-ball-un, "wicked"; in Egyptian bjn "evil"; Sumerian **pâl "to curse" (source: PL *P?FA-HE-NHA(FHA))

(11 & 13)PN *p?fal^w- "(to radiate) ray(s)"; PIE (1.) *bhel-/*bhol- "gleaming, white"; (2.) *(s)p(h)el- "to gleam, to shimmer"; PAA *bal- "to shine, to be bright"; PD *pal.- "to shine, glitter"; PA *balu- **"dark" (from **"white" = "blind") (source: PL *P?FA-NHO)

(Addition I)PN *p?fan^w-[?] "to command"; PIE *bhen-, "to command", listed incorrectly under (2.) *bha:-, "to speak"; PD in *pan.- "to command, speak, send" (source: PL *P?FA-NO)

(Addition H)PN *p?fang^w- "fat"; PIE *bheng^h- "fat, thick, dense"; PAA *baq- "fat"; possibly in Egyptian b(3)g "thick (of liquids)"; Uralic perhaps *pang(ka)- "handle" (source: PL *P?FA-QO)

(Addition Q)PN *p?far- "white"; S bar₆-bar₆ (for *par_x-*par_x) "light, white; to whiten, to make white" [but see *p?far^y below] (source: PL *P?FA-RHA)

(16)PN *p?far^y- "to come down on with a halo, to illuminate" > PIE (5.) *bher-/*bhor-/*bhR- "gleaming"; PAA *bar "to gleam, to be bright"; PD *par- "to shine (brightly), to become dawn"; S bar (for par₂) "to shine (on), to light, to illuminate, to sparkle, to glitter, to glisten; bright, shining; light, brightness"; probably a different root (Nostratic *p?far from PL *P?FA-RHA[?])! bar₆-bar₆ (for *par_x-*par_x) "light, white; to whiten, to make white" (see Addition Q) (source: PL *P?FA-RHE)

(1)PN *p?faw- "(to be) attentive (to)"; PIE *bhew-/*bhow-/*bhu- "(to be) attentive (to)" in Greek piphaúsko:, "to show, to make known"(? = if "to cause to be attended to"); in *bhew-dh-/*bhow-dh-/*bhu-dh- "to be or become aware of"; PAA *baw- "(to be) attentive (to)"; in *bawa?- "to acknowledge a fault (to have obtained attention with regard to)", and "to point a spear towards (to have directed attention to)"; in *bawa-h "to understand (to be in an attentive state)"; in *bawa-h. "to become known, to be revealed (to [have] come to the attention of)"; S in buzur₄ (for puzur₄) "tribute, honor, blessing" (if analyzable as **pu_x, "attention" + zur, "to provide, to tend") (source: PL *P?FA-FA)

(11)PN *p?fel²- "(to) sprout"; PIE (4.) *bhel-/*bhol- "to shoot up, to sprout luxuriantly"; (1.) *(s)p(h)el- "to burst"; PAA *bal- "to bear fruit (?aballa)"; PD *pil.- "to crack (open), to burst (open)"; Sumerian **pil₂, "to sprout" (a sign conventionally reading bil₂, and meaning "to sprout", also reads pil₂[?]) (source: PL *P?FE-NHE)

(Addition R)PN *p?fer^y- "light"; S bir₃ (for *pir₂) "light" (source: PL *P?FE-RHE)

(Addition S)PN *p?fereh- "light (adj.)" (source: PL *P?FE-RHE-HA)

(Addition T)PN *p?ferehnk- "bright (white)" IE *bher6g^-/*bhre:g^- "birch; to gleam; white"; AA *baraq "bright (white)" in Egyptian b3q "moringa arabica; bright, white"; PK *berec'q'-/*brc'q'- "to shine"; S piri(n)g[~]_1,3 "lion (poetic); light"; piri(n)g[~]₂ "bright" (source: PL *P?FE-RHE-HA-QE)

(Addition L)PN *p?few- "to flourish"; PIE *bhew-/*bhow- "to flourish"; *(s)p(h)eu-/*(s)p(h)ou- "to flourish", listed mistakenly under **(s)p(h)eu-d- "to press" (in AS spo:wan, "to flourish"); *(s)p(h)eu-/*(s)p(h)ou- "to flourish", listed mistakenly under **(s)p(h)e:(i)- "to flourish" (in OHG spuon, "to succeed"); PD *pu:- "to bloom, to blossom, to flower, to flourish" (source: PL *P?FE-FA)

(Addition J)PN *p?fo?- "to be gone away"; PIE *bhe-/*bho- (for **bhoH- [**bho:-]) "outside of, outside, without"; (2.) *bhe:-/*bho:- (for **bhoH- [**bho:-]), particle of asseveration and emphasis; PAA *ba?- "to go away"; in Egyptian m bj "no"; bj (written b + single stroke), in reference to 'desert' ("outside"[?]); PD *po:- "to go, to proceed, to go away, to reach a destination; to spend time, to pass away"; S **pu (for **pû) "to go away" (a sign which means "to go away", and is normally read gid₂, sir₂, and bur₁₂ [for pur_x{?}] all with this meaning, also reads pu) (source: PL *P?FO-?A)

(12)PN *p?fol- "to stir (up)"; PIE **bel-/**bol- "to stir", from which *bhlendh-/*bhlondh-/*bhlNdh- "to mix, to blend"; PAA *bal(-bal-) "to mix, to mix up, to confuse"; PA *búli-, "to stir"; PD *pul- "dirty"; Sumerian **pul₃, "to revolve" (a sign conventionally reading bala, and meaning "to revolve", also reads pul₃[?]); **pul(-pul), "to stagger" (a sign conventionally reading bul(-bul), and meaning "to stagger", also reads pul[?]) (source: PL *P?FO-NHA)

(2)PN *p?for^y- "to drill" > PIE (3.) *bher-/*bhor-/*bhR- "to drill"; PAA *bar- "to drill"; PU *pura- (Sammallahti: *purå-) "drill"; PD *pur- "to bore, to perforate; borer, gimlet"; PA *bur(a)- "to bore through, to pierce"; S bur₃ (for **pur_x) "to bore through, to pierce" (source: PL *P?FO-RE)

(3)PN *p?for^y- "to stomp, to smash" > PIE (3.) *bher-/*bhor-/*bhR- "to beat (on)"; PAA *bar-/*b6r- "to strike, to fight"; PD *po:r.- "to split, to cleave"; Altaic: Mongolian bur i "to raze, to destroy, to break, to crush"; S bur (for *pur) "to destroy, to exterminate, to eradicate; to tear out, to pull out, to remove; bur (for *pur) "to cut, to cut into pieces; to knap, flake off (flint)"; bur₃ (for **pur_x) "to demolish, to tear down, to destroy"; bur₃ (for **pur_x) "to cut open, to cut into; slain; killed"; bur₃(-bur₃) (for **pur_x[-**pur_x]) "to rend, to split, to cleave, to slash" (source: PL *P?FO-RHE)

(8)PN *p?fow- "to arrive (on foot), to walk to"; PIE *bhew-/*bhow- "to arise, to be (at)"; PAA *baw- "to arrive" (in Arabic bauwa?a, "to come and stay in a place"); in Egyptian bw "place" (better "destination"); S bu₅[?] (for **pû_x[?]) "to move about"[?] (source: PL *P?FO-FA)

(Addition K)PN *p?fowa?- "to be arrived on foot, to stay"; PIE in *bhewH-/*bhowH-/*bhuH- (> *bhu:-) "to spend time, to abide, to dwell"; PAA *bawa?- "to arrive" (Arabic bauwa?a, "to come and stay in a place"); PD *po:- (for *pu:-[?]) "to go, to proceed, to go away, to reach a destination; to spend time, to pass away"[?]; S BU (better pû[?]) "to reach or arrive at a destination; to come upon, to meet, to encounter"[?] (source: PL *P?FO-FA-?A)

(Addition P)PN *phon- "breath" or "nose[?]"; PIE in *pne-w-, "to gasp, to breathe"; in *pen-dh-, "nose" (cf. Ossetic fi.nj, "nose"; Armenian pinj, "nose"; PAA **pan "nose" (for Orel-Stobava's *fin-, "nose, smell"; and *funVg-, "nose"); in Egyptian fnD "nose"; S bun₂ "nose" (source: PL *PHO-NA)

(34)PN *phow- "to blow (up)"; PIE (1.) *pew/*pow-/*pu- "to puff, to puff up, to blow"; PK *p[h]u- "to swell, to puff up, to inflate"; PAA *paw "to puff, to blow, to exhale" (in Arabic fâqa [f-w-q], "to gasp"; fâkha [f-w-kh], "to blow"); PFU *puwi- "to blow"; S bu_(2,5) "to blow; to brag ("to inflate")"; (source: PL *PHO-FHA )

(Addition M)PN *phfew- "to rot"; PIE (1.) *phew/*phow-/*phu- "to rot, to stink"; PAA **paw (Orel-Stobova: *fiwah.-)"to rot" (in Arabic fâHa [f-w-H], "to diffuse perfume"; fâja [f-w-j], "to spread perfume"; tafauwa¿a [f-w-¿], "to vomit"; fâgha [f-w-gh], "to diffuse itself"; in Egyptian bw[.t], "abomination ["rotting thing"] {cf. Arabic fût.a-tun, "waist-wrapper"}"); PFU *puwi- "behind [if = "relating to the {position of the} anus"{?}]"; PD *pu:- "to fart"; S pu₂ "to stink"[?] (source: PL *PHFE-FHA)

(Addition O)PN *phfen- "(grain-)rubber, quern"; PIE (1.) *pen-, "to (force-)feed"; (1.) s)p (**h)en-(d)-/*(s)p (**h)on-(d)-/*(s)p (**h)N(d)- , "**to press" in Latvian spiêst, "to press, to force"); PAA **pan "(grain-)rubber" (Egyptian bn.wyt "corn-grinders, querns"; PFU *pänV- "to grind"; S perhaps in da(-)bin "coarse barley flour (for **pin if 'hand+press-down'+n[?]) (source: PL *PHFE-NA)

(Addition N)PN *phfew- "to rub (off)"; PIE (1.) *pew-/*pow-/*pew6-/*pu/u:-, "to clean, to purify, to sift"; PAA *paw "to split, to tear (into pieces); to grind up"[?], perhaps in Egyptian bwbw, "seed or grain offering"; PA in *pio:-po- "to cut through, to grind"; PD *pu:-, "to rub, to smear"; S perhaps bu_(3,6) (for *pu), "to tear up, to tear out" (source: PL *PHFE-FHA)

(Addition Q)PN *phfow- "beat by stamping (on)"; PIE *pe:w-/*po:w-/*p6w-/*pu/u:- "to beat; sharp, to sharply hew, *to stamp"; in *(s)p (h)ew-d-/*(s)p (h)ow-d-/*(s)p (h)ud- "to press"; PAA in Egyptian bw "place (if = 'stamped area')" ; PA in *p'u-ske-[?], "to kick, to knock"; S pu (better **pû) "to break apart by stamping[?]" (source: PL *PHFO-FHA)

(Addition AI)PN *sar^y- "to stream" > PIE *ser-/*sor-/*sR- "to move rapidly and powerfully"; *ser-p^[h]-/*sor-p^[h]-/*sR-p^[h]- "to creep, to crawl"; *sr-ew-/*sr-ow-/*sr-u- "to flow"; PAA *sar- "to surge, gush, flow, spring, or spread forth"; Arabic in zarî¿-un, 'field watered by rain'; Egyptian in z3 "to betake one's self to"; S sar "to run" (source: PL *SA-RHE-)

(170)PN *sayer^y- "to apply a cord, to tie, to fasten" > PIE (4.) *ser-/*sor-/*sR- (for **syer-; cf Greek hen-eíro:, "fasten to") "to line up together, to fasten"; PAA *zayar- "to tie"; Arabic zarra "to button a garment"; zayira "to put someone in a strait"; Egyptian z3 "to protect"; PA *sir- "sinew, tendon"; S šer (for ser₄, another reading of the same sign) "to tie, to bind", šer₂(-šer₂) (for ser₂, another reading of the same sign) "to tie, to bind" (source: PL *SA-¿E-RE)

(163)PN *sa:r- "to overflow" > PIE *ser-/*sor-/*sR- "to move quickly, to run, to flow"; *ser-p^[h]-/*sor-p^[h]-/*sR-p^[h]- "to creep, to crawl"; *sr-ew-/*sr-ow-/*sr-u- "to flow"; PAA *sar- "to surge, gush, flow, spring, or spread forth"; Arabic in sariba "to overflow"; Egyptian in z3b "to drip"; PD *sa:r- to be left over, in excess; S perhaps in šar₂ (for **sâr₂, another reading of the same sign) "to beg, to implore"[?] (source: PL *SHA-RA-)

(Addition AJ)PN *sa:yer^y- "to chain up in a line" > PIE (4.) *ser-/*sor-/*sR- "to line up together, to fasten"; PAA *sayar- "to line up"; Arabic sâra (s-y-r) "to travel (to form a column=chain)"; sâra (s-y-r) "to establish a custom (to institute a recurring, chain act)"; saiyara (s-y-r) "to relate ancient stories (chain-recital)"; in ?asara "to tie (to chain together)"; Egyptian z3 "cattle-hobble"; S šer₃-šer₃ (for sêr₃sêr₃, another reading of the same sign) "chain", šir₃-šir₃ (for sêr₃-sêr₃, another reading of the same sign) "band, chain"; PD **se:r- "to unite, to join" (source: PL *SHA-¿E-RE-)

(Addition AU)PN *sod^w- "seat (cushion); to sit" > PIE *sed-/*sod- "to sit"; PAA *sat- in Egyptian st "seat, place"; S probably **sud "to sink down"; PD possibly in *sut- "to wash (if = "to immerse, to soak")" (source: PL *SO-T?O)

(146)PN *t?a-(y) "nearby, with(, this)" > PIE *de-/*do- "here, this"; *dey-/*doy-/*di "he, she"; PK *da "and" (added from #89); Elamo-Dravidian: Elamite da "also, too, as well, likewise; to, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, thereby, thereupon" (added from #89); PAA *ta(y) "nearby, with(, this)"; PC *d6 "with, and" (added from #89); and in Arabic tâ (**tay[?]), used with oaths: "by, with"; in tâ (**tay[?]) "this"; probably -t in 1st and 2nd person inflections of the imperfect, and 2nd person of the perfect; in Egyptian dy "here"; PU *-ta "with" in Vogul -t, locative; *t^yi[?] (for **tay[?]) "this"; PA *-da locative; S -da "with", inflectional suffix (source: PL *T?A[-¿E])

(130)PN *t?a?-[ay] "to tear (torn)[tearing] (for the purpose of sharing), to allot, to apportion" > PIE *da:- "to tear (torn)"; to divide; to cut apart, rip apart"; in *da:y- "to tear (tearing)"; PAA *ta(?-)(ay-) in Egyptian d(j) "to give"; in d(j)j(.w) "provisions = allotments" (which is written with a triangular section of flatbread, into which the beginning of a central tear at the bottom has been made: Gardiner's X8, 'conical loaf'); in d(j)(w) "to give"; possibly in wd(j)j "to put, to place"; PU probably in *taje- "to break"; PD *ta- "to bring, to give (to 1st or 2nd person)"; in *ci:- "to tear" (*t?a?ay-); S di (for dê, which pictures a loaf torn into three parts) "to judge = to make an apportionment" (source: PL *T?A-?A-(¿E-])

(124)PN *t?ar^w- "to hold" > PIE (1.) *der-/*dor-/*dR- "(span of the )hand"; PAA *tar- "to hold"; Arabic in tari¿a "to be filled (with = "to hold"); Egyptian in Dr.t (for **dr.t) "hand, handle"; PD *tar..- "to clasp, to embrace"; S in dal-dal "to value highly ("to hold {on to/dear}")" (source: PL *T?A-RO)

(116 & 114)PN *t?ar^y- "to make a tear" > PIE in (4.) *der-/*dor-*dR- "to flay, to pull off the skin, to split off, to split": PAA *tar- in Arabic tarra "to be severed"; possibly Egyptian d3 "to (be)come loose"; PA *tari[Starostin: *t'iòra] "to till (land); to plow; to sow, to harvest"; PD *tar- "to lop, to chop off, to cut (off), to strip off"; in *tarc- "to scrape"; S dar "to split" (source: PL *T?A-RE)

(122)PN *t?ara:- "to tremble, to shake (with exertion)" > PIE in (3.) *dér6-/*drá:-/*dr6-'- "to tremble"; dér6-/*drá:-/*dr6-'-, "to work (better "to shake with exertion, to exert one's self strenuously"); PAA *tar- in Egyptian d3 "to tremble"; d3 "to copulate ("to shake with exertion")" (source: PL *T?A-RHA)

(120)PN *t?aw- "to pay tribute" > PIE in (2.) *dew-/*dow-*du- "to honor, to grant"; PAA *taw- in Egyptian dw(-)3 "to worship (= "to venerate by paying tribute")" (source: PL *T?A-FA)

(143)PN *t?ayer^w- (also *t?ser^w-) "to hold (in a cupped hand or with clenched fingers = to hold tightly)" > PIE (2.) *dher-/*dhor-/*dhR- "to hold, to hold firmly, to support, to hold back (from)"; PAA *dar- "to hold"; Arabic in darija "to keep to (a religion)"; in darasa "to disappear"; perhaps in dhirâ¿-un "forearm" (from *t?ser^w-)[?] ; Egyptian in Dr.j "retaining wall"; Dr "to end, to hinder, to obstruct"; S til "to put an end to, to finish, to cease"; PD *tje:r- "handful"; *ti:r- "to be finished" (source: PL *T?A-¿E-RO and *T?SE-RO)

(Addition AZ)PN *t?e?-/?ay- "to wrap by winding" > PIE *de:-/*d6- "to bind"; in *de:i-/*di:- "to bind"; PAA *ta?- probably in Arabic ta?ta?a "to stutter, to stammer"; in Egyptian dj.w (variant of d3j.w) "loin-cloth"; PA perhaps in *ch'a[k]a- "to wrap, to tie"; S in te (for **dê₄< = *t'e?ay-) "to bind" (source: PL *T?E-?A-[¿E-])

(133)PN *t?em-(/ma?) "to make fast by wrapping ("made fast by wrapping")" > PIE *dem-/*dom-/*dM- (*dem6-/*dom6-/*dM6-) "to construct, to fit together"; PAA *tam(/ma?-) "to cut"; Arabic in tamma "to complete (and by 'completing', "fix"), "to execute (an order) [="to adhere to"]"; in Egyptian dmj "to join, to cleave to"; PU *D^yimä "glue ("that with which something is made fast")"; S dim "to make fast"; dim-ma (for **dimmâ) "made fast, tied together, fastened, bound, *wound"; ^(G[~]IŠ)dim₂ "to make, to build, to fashion, to create, *to construct" (source: PL *T?E-MA[?A-])

(154)PN *t?ew(was^w)- "to be submerged, to be at a low level(to submerge)" > PIE (1.) *dew-/*dew-/*du- "to submerge"; several additional cognates are listed mistakenly by Pokorny under (3.) *dew-/*dew-/*du- "to move forward"; *deus-/*dous-/*dus- "substandard, low-quality; to lack (to be pulled under)"; PAA *t?aw- "to submerge"; Arabic in tâkha (t-w-kh) "to dip into a soft substance"; in tâ¿a (t-w-¿) "to dip bread in [butter]"; S du₂₃ **"to submerge (the sign for 'water' has a reading of du₂₃, and, among its meanings is 'inundation')[?] (source: PL *T?E-FA[-SO-]) (139)PN *t?ewa:- "to pull (out)" > PIE (3.) *dew-/*dow-/*du- "to distance one's self, to be removed"; PAA *taw- "to remove"; perhaps in tâba (t-w-b) "to repent"[?]; perhaps in tawahân-un "absence of mind"[?]; perhaps in tawiya "to pass away"[?]; PD **tiv- "to take out, to remove, **to pull out"; S du₈ (for **dü:₈) "to let go, to let loose, to release, to set free (="to pull out")" (source: PL *T?E-FHA)

(Addition BA)PN *t?ey-(yehh^y-[?]) "to be whirling(, to be moving or doing fast)" > PIE in (2.) *dey6-/*dye:- "to move quickly, to whirl around"; PAA *ta?- probably in Arabic ta?ta?a "to stutter, to stammer"; PA perhaps in *Zí(-)gu- "to hurry, to run"; PU *chej3- "to run"; S in di₆ (for **dî₆) "to come (if = "to hurry")"; zi . . . di₆ "to seek refuge (= "to run for one's life"[?])" (source: PL *T?E-¿E-[HHE-{?}])

(121)PN *t?o(???)-[Vw] "to give" > PIE *do:- "to give"; in *do:w- "to give (repeatedly)"; PU *toxi- "to give" (source: PL *T?O-?/H/¿/HHV-[FA-])

(215)PN *t?om^w-(/mo?-) "to bring together ("to be brought together"), to control ("to be controlled")" > PIE *dem-/*dom-/*dM- (*dem6-/*dom6-/*dM6-) "(to bring together), to tame, to control"; PAA *Dam- "to bring together"; Arabic in Damma "to draw together, to collect, to get hold of, to embrace"; in Egyptian tm "to close (mouth), to complete"; S tum (for **dum) "to bring, to be suitable"; tumu₂ (for **dumû₂) "to bring, to be suitable" (source: PL *T?O-MO-[?A-])

(90)PN *t?ow- "to construct" > PK *dew-/*dw- "to lay, to put, to place, to set, to lie"; PIE *dew/*dow-/*du- "to make" in Germanic *taujan "to make"; S du (for **dû) "to do, to make; to build; to set up, to establish"; du₆ (for **dû₆) "heap" (source: PL *T?O-FA-])

(172)PN *t?sa?- "to be stretched out, to be prone" > PIE (3.) **dhe:- (for **dha:-) "to fade, to be exhausted (and, as a result, "to be lying down"); PK (*Z?-in-) *Z₁-in- "to lie down, to go to sleep"; PAA *da?- "to be still"; Arabic da?da?a "to still"; tada?da?a "to be still"; PA *Za:- "to lie, be stretched out"; S za₃ (for **zâ₃; another reading of zag) "border (if = "what stretches out")" (source: PL *T?SA-?A-)

(Addition AM)PN *t?sa(wa:)r^w- "to be (last) very long(, to go very far, to go very deep)" > PIE *dewro-/*dowro-/*duro- (for *dhewa:-ro-/*dhw6-ro-) "long, far distant"; PAA *dawar- "to last long"; Arabic dâra (d-w-r) "to elapse (time)"; Egyptian Dr (for **Dwr) "since, before, until"; in s(-)Dr "to spend the night"; in Dr.j "strong (= durable, lasting)"; S **zal ( for **zul_x; the sign reading zal, is also read sul₂, which, based on the recognized confusion between Sumerian s and z, I suggest should be read **zul_x; I presume zal derives from an alternate form without the medial *FHA, meaning simply "very long") "to flow; to continue; to pass, to elapse (said about time); to spend the day; to tarry, to wait" (source: PL *T?SA[-FHA]-RO)

(176)PN *t?sar^y-(/re:?-/re:wa:-) "to (flash-)flood(to be flooded/to spill out") > PIE (4.) **dher-/**dhor-/**dhR- (**dhereH-/**dhoreH-/**dhRH-/**dherew-/**dhorew-/**dhRu-) "to jump, to cover (sexually), to stream rapidly (to be flooded/to spill over)"; PAA *dar- "to rush"; Arabic in darra "to flow abundantly"; in dara?a "to rush (torrent)"; PD *ca:r- (from *Zari:-[?]) "to flow, to run (off or out), to issue, to drop or ooze out, to drizzle"; *Zo:r- (from *Zariv-[?]) "to leak"; could this shift from *Z to *c possibly be due to the effects of a Dravidian "s-mobile?; S zar "to run, flow, leak, or spill out; to spring forth, to issue (from), to flow or gush forth; to bubble over"; PE *caRvar "current" (cf. Central Alaskan Yupik caRvaq "current, rapidly flowing, stream", caRv6-, caRvaR- "flow [of current]") (source: PL *T?SA-RHE-[*?A-, stative='be-flooded'/*FHA-, 'move-repeatedly'='be-flooded'])

(Addition AH & 85)PN *t?saw-(a?-/a?ay) "to lie down often, be sick(, to die/to be dying)" > PIE (2.) *dheu-/*dhou-/*dhu-; *dhwe:i- (for **dhwa:i-) "to fade, to be exhausted, to become unconscious, to die"; PAA *daw- "to be sick"; Arabic in dâ?a (d-w-?) "to be ill, diseased"; in dawiya "to be diseased"; Egyptian Dw(j) "evil, bad"; PD *tav- "to die" (Starostin); *Ca:v-- (for **Zav-[?]) "to be ill, to die"; S zu₄ (for zû₄) **"dead (the sign which means "dead" [UŠ₂] also reads zu₄)" (source: PL *T?SA-FA-[?A-/?A-¿E])

(Addition AK)PN *t?sawa:- "to last long, to go far, to go deep" > PIE (3.) *dew-/*dow-/*du-; *dhewa:-/*dhw6:- "to move one's self forward spatially; to press forward ", temporal prolongation, "to last long, to go far, to go deep"; in *dheu-b- (for **dhewa:b-) "deep, hollow"; PAA *daw- "to last long"; Arabic in dâra (d-w-r) "to elapse (time)"; in dâla (d-w-l; this is IE *dhwel-, from which English "dwell") "to elapse (time)"; in dâma (d-w-m) "to last, to continue"; PA *Zop'e "hollow under knee or neck"; S zu (for zû) "deep"; su (for **zû_x) "distant, remote; long (duration)" (source: PL *T?SA-FHA)

(70)PN *t?se(???)-[Vy-] "to set up (cause to extend)" > PIE in *dhe:(y)- "to set, to place, to lay"; PAA *da???ay- possibly in Geez wa(-)daya "to put, to place"; in Egyptian (r)D(j) "to give, to put, to place" (cf. IE *re:dhy- "to bring about" [from **rédhe:y-{?}]); S zi (for **zî) "to stand firmly"; in zig/k₂ (for **zîg/k₂) "to stand firmly" (source: PL *T?SE-?/H /¿/HHV-[¿E-])

(145 & 171)PN *t?sew-(/way-) "to run out (to be emptying)" > PIE (1.) **dheu-/**dhou-/**dhu- "to run"; (2.) **dheu-/**dhou-/**dhu- "to dwindle"; dhwi:- (from **dhewey-) "to be unconscious"; PK *Z₁-w-el- "old"; *Z₁-w-en- "to grow old"; PAA *daw- "to pass"; Arabic in ?indâla (d-w-l) "to emigrate (people)" (source: PL *T?SE-FA-(-¿E)

(Addition AL)PN *t?sewar^w- "to hold, to contain" > PIE (1.) *dewer-/*dower-/*dur- (from **dhewer) "(span of the )hand"; PAA *dawar- "to hold"; Arabic dâwara "to control, to look steadily at"; in ?adâra "to manage, to avert"; Egyptian in Dr.j (for **Dwr.j) "retaining wall"; Dr (for **Dwr) "to end, to hinder, to obstruct"; in n(-)Dr(j) (for **nDwr.j) "to grasp, to hold fast, to catch, to arrest, to take possession of, to observe (regulations), to hold to (orders), to follow (path), to draw tight (lips of wound), to imprison, to suppress"; S **zul_x (the sign reading zal, and accorded the following meanings, is also read sul₂, which, based on the recognized confusion between Sumerian s and z, I suggest should be read **zul_x; zal is a result of Nostratic *t?sar^w [PL *T?SA-*FHA-*RO, 'long-move repeatedly-very'-'last long', and extension of the root tread in Addition AK above] ) "supply (=contents)"; "to be full (of" = "to contain")" (source: PL *T?SE-FA-RO)

(218)PN *t?seyek?x- "to be sticking in, to be firmly set" > PIE *dhe:ig^w-/*dhi:g^w- [for **dheig(h)-/**dhig(h)-] "to be sticking in, to be set firmly"; S zig (for **zîk[?]) "to be firmly set"; (source: PL *T?SE-¿E-K?XA)

(89)PN *t?so(y)- "inside of" > PIE in *dhey/*dhoy/*dhi "inside of"; PAA *Za; in Egyptian m-' "in the hand, possession, charge of; together with; from" (source: PL *T?SO(-¿E)

(Addition AR)PN *t?soyek?x- "to stick into" > PIE (2.) *dho:ig^w-/*dhi:g^w- [for **dhoig(h)-/**dhig(h)-] "to stick into"; PAA *dayaj "to stick into"; in Egyptian 'H(-)3 "to fight"; PFU *D^y8kk3- "to put (in), to stick, to thrust (in)"; S in tig-ge₁₆ (for **tîk) "battler"; dig₃ (for **tîk_x) "to strike dead" (source: PL *T?SO-¿E-K?XA)

(148)PN *thawa:(r^y) "to dampen (dampener = ox)" > PIE *tew-/*tow-/*tu- "to bedew, to dampen"; in *teur- (also *taur- from *ta:ur-) "ox"; PAA *thaw "to dampen"; Arabic in thâba (th-w-b) "to collect (water)"; in thâ¿a (th-w-¿) "to flow (water)"; in thaur-un "ox"; Egyptian possibly in dw3.yt "garden (if = irrigated plot)"; possibly in dw3.t "name for Hippopotamus Goddess (if = dampener [fem.])"; possibly in dw3 "body of water in heaven (if = damp place)"; possibly in dw3 "morning (if = [time of] dew)"; PD *to:- "to be wet"; in *tor- "kine"; possibly in *to:r- "to flow (blood)"; S du₂₃ (for dû₂₃) "**dew, dampness"; in dur₂-dur₂ (for **dûr-dûr) "dam to create a reservoir"; in dur₅ (for dûr₅) "to anoint"; duru₅ (for dûru₅) "irrigated, moist, fresh" (source: PL *THA-FHA[RE])

(Addition AO)PN *thera:- "star" > PIE (2.) *ste/e:r- (for **tera:-) "star"; PAA **thar- "**star"; Arabic in thuraiyâ "Pleiades, cluster of lamps, luster[?]"; Egyptian d3 "**star"; PA probably in *t'iri- "morning"; PD *teri- "clear, evident, bright, shine" (*thera:-ye- "star-like"); S dir₃ "**star" (source: PL *THE-RHA)

(Addition AX)PN *thohh^w-(/ *thohhoy-) "to be beaten down (into a compact mass) [intransitive]" > PIE in *(s)ta:i:- (for *(s)to:i:-) "to be being beaten down (into a compact mass)[intransitive]"; in PAA *Tahh- in Egyptian th(-)m "to knock on a door" (source: PL *THO-HHO-(¿E-])

(96)PN *thor^w(/row^(w)-) "firm, fresh, young(growth)" > PIE *ter-/*tor-/*tR- (for **te/o-ró-), *teru- "tender, weak"; PAA *Tar, *Taraw "fresh"; Arabic Tarra "to grow forth newly"; in Tarû?a "to be fresh, juicy"; in Tarû "to be quite fresh"; in Tarîy-un "fresh"; Egyptian tr "**to be young, fresh"; PA *t'ó:rV "young animal"; PD possibly *to:r.- "friend, younger brother, assistance, help (if = tender{ness})[?]"; S tul₄ (for currently read tur) "young" (source: PL *THO-RO[-FO{?}])

(99)PN *thor^y- "to heat, to dry out; dust" > PIE *ters-/*tors-/*tRs- "dry, to dry out; thirst, to be thirsty"; PAA **Tar- "to heat, to dry out; dust"; Arabic in tariba (for **Tariba[?]) "to become dusty" [cf. IE *(s)terbh- "dry"]; turbâ "dust, earth"; taraza "to be hard, dry, arid"[?]'; Egyptian t3 "earth, be hot, kiln"; PA probably *t'ó:ré- "soil, dust"; PD *tur- "dust, dirt, straw"; S **tur₇ "to dry out, **oven for baking and roasting" (tur₇ is another reading of the sign for dur₂, the currently accepted reading for this meaning) (source: PL *THO-RE)

(Addition AY)PN *thowa:- "to beat down" > PIE *(s)teu- "to beat"; in *(s)teug- "to beat"; *(s)teud- "to beat"; PAA *Taw- in Arabic Tawâ (T-w-y) "to roll up, to fold up"; in taTauwâ "to coil up (serpent)"; PA in *t'ók'u- (for **tók'u-)"to beat"; in *t'ut'i- (for **tut'i-) "to beat" (source: PL *THO-FHA-)

(102)PN *thsa(w-/y-) "this (one), you" > PIE *te- (for **the/o) "this", *te- (for **the/o) "you"; *ta: (for earlier **tha if not from *thaH [Nostratic *tshah]) "this (one), you" (later reinterpreted as feminine); in *tew-/*tow-*tu (from **the/ow- for earlier **thaw- [Nostratic *tshaw]; cf. IE *ta:wont "of such a size") "you (nominative, originally circumlocative-topical); Old Indian in 2nd person dual primary *-t(h)e/os (for *-thas and *-thawas; in 2nd person plural primary -tha; in 2nd person singular middle imperfect secondary -tha:H (not IE -*the:s but -*tha:s); in 2nd person dual middle present -a:the: for *-V:thai; in 2nd person plural middle primary -dhve: and secondary -dhvam (for -*th(a)wai and -*th(a)wam with *th being voiced before *w; in 2nd person dual imperfect middle thematic -e:tha:m (for -*Vitha:m); and also, preserving the vowel-quality and length: in 2nd person dual secondary -*ta: (Baltic and Slavic), for -*tha; PAA *dhay in Arabic [ha(-)]dhâ "this"; PU *ta "this one"; *te "this" (*thsay); *to "you" (*thsaw); PD possibly *ta/a:(m)- "they, themselves"; Elamo-Dravidian: possibly Elamite (2nd person singular verbal ending) -t; Dravidian: possibly Parji (2nd person singular verbal ending) -t; S za "you", in 2nd singular. possessive suffix -zu (for -zû from *-thsaw) "your"; Eskimo-Aleut: West Greenlandic 2nd person singular absolutive possessive suffix -(i)t (source: PL *THSA[-FA/-¿E])

(149)PN *thsar^y- "to come over/across" > PIE (4.) *ter-/*tor-/*tR- (for *ther-/*thor-/*thR-) "to reach the other side, to press through, to cross over, to overcome, to catch up with, to bring across, to save"; PAA *dhar- "to come across"; Arabic dharra "to rise (sun)" = "to cross over the horizon"; dhara¿a "to overcome someone (vomit)"; dharrafa "to exceed" = "to cross over an amount"; tadharrâ "to ascend to the top of" = "to cross over the top"; Egyptian D3j "to ferry across, to cross"; PD *ca:r- "to reach, to approach, to be near to"; S **zar "remainder" (source: PL *THSA-RHE)

(Addition AP)PN *thsawa: "to fall apart, disintegrate, to melt" > PIE *ta:u- (for *thau-) "to melt, to rot, disintegrate"; PAA *dhaw "to rot, to disintegrate"; Arabic in dhawâ "to wither, to wilt, to fade"; in dhâba (dh-w-b; cf. IE *ta:bh- [for **thabh-] "gradual disintegration") "to melt, to dissolve, to liquify"; PD in *Cab- "rotten"; S zu₄ "**to rot" (a sign which reads sugin, and has the meaning "rot, decay", also reads zu₄) (source: PL *THSA-FHA)

(Addition AN)PN *thser^y- "to cause to extrude, pierce" > PIE (3.) *ter-/*tor-/*tR- (for *ther-/*thor-/*thR-) "to bore through"; PAA *dhar- "to pierce"; Arabic dharra "to come forth (horn, herbage)" = "to pierce skin, surface"; dhariba "to be sharp" = "to be capable of puncturing"; Egyptian D3j "to pierce, to transfix"; PD *cer- "to put in, to insert (better, "to puncture")"; S **zir₂ "**to cause to go through" (source: PL *THSE-RE)

(103)PN *thso- "that (one)" > PIE *te/o- (for **the/o-) "that"; in *tor-/te:r- "there"; PAA **Za "that"; Egyptian in '3 "there"; PU *to- "that" (source: PL *THSO)

(Addition AS)PN *wasa:- "to camp around, to stay" > PIE (1.) *wes- "to stay, to dwell, to stay overnight"; PAA *Has- in Arabic HasHasa "to roast meat on coals"; in Egyptian wz "**place"; S uš (for us₂) "to lie near by, to stand, to set up" (source: PL *FA-SHA)

(Addition AT)PN *we:sa:- "to glow (with heat), to heat" > PIE (9.) *wes- "to illuminate", discussed under *awes-; *wes- "spring (time of warming)"; in *wes(-)peros "evening (departing warmth)"; PAA *was- in Egyptian **wz "heat" in **Wz(-)jrj "Osiris"; PU probably in *vas^y(-)ke- "ore, copper" (from **vis-[?]); PD *vis- "to cook, to heat by the sun" (source: PL *FHE-SHA)

(Addition A)PN *xal- "to drip, emit drops" > PIE *g^wel-, "to drip down, to run over, to well up"; PAA *šal- "to drip, emit drops"; PD *Z^al- "(n.) spring, to leak"[?]; S *hal, "to excrete, to flow rapidly"; (source: PL *XA-NHA)

(339)PN *xar^y(u)₁- "value" (+"repeatedly" = "weighty") > PIE * k'^wer-/*k'^wor-/*k'^wR-*k'^w_er-H-, "value"; * k'^weru-/*k'^woru-/*k'^wRu-; *k'^w_er-ù-s, "heavy"; PAA *šar(u)- possibly in Arabic šarra, "to defame [if = "value negatively"]"; in Egyptian š3, "assign"; š3w, "weight, worth, value"; PD *kor..- "to grow, thick, solid, fat" (from [Starostin:] *kor.v-, "fat"; earlier *kar.v-[?] ); S *har(u[?]), "heavy" (= gur₁₄)[?]; hara₅, "heavy, fat"(?); in iš-hara, "heavy [person]" or "very heavy"(?); (source: PL *XA-RE[-FA, 'do again' = 'weighty'])

(361)PN *xar^y₂- "to swallow" > PIE * k'^wer-/*k'wor-/*k'wR-, "to swallow, (n.) throat"; PK (*q'warq'- >) *q'orq' "throat, gullet" (cf. OHG qwerka, "throat"); PAA *šar- in Arabic šariba, "to drink"; Egyptian š3š3.t, "throat", š3b.w, "food"; PD in *kar.-d "neck"; Sumerian har, "to chew" (probably, better, "eat" from "swallow"); (source: PL *XA-RHE(-P?FO, 'place' = 'eating place'; cf. Egyptian š3b, "table with food"; and IE ghrebh-, "grub", incorrectly listed under 2. (*)ghrebh- [for correct *g^wrebh-], "scratch, score, dig")

(359)PN *xel- "to be in pain" > PIE * k'^wel-, "prick, piercing pain, suffering, death(-agony)"; PK *q'wal- "to slay, to kill"; PAA *šal- in Egyptian šn-j, "to suffer"; PD *kel- "feather"; (source: PL *XE-NHA)

(314)PN *xer^y- "to radiate" > PIE * k'^wer-/*k'^wor-/*k'^wher-*k'^whor-, "to radiate (heat or light)"; PAA *šar- probably in Arabic šarra, "to be ill-natured [if = "to be hot"]"; šarra, "to expose to the sun [if = "to warm or heat"]"; širrâ, "anger [if = "heat"]"; in Egyptian š3-m, "to be hot, burn"; PD *ker- "to warm by the fire"; S *šir, "light"; (source: PL *XE-RHE)

(363)PN *xor^y- "be malodorous"; IE **g^wer-/g^w or- "malodorous" in *g^wor-g^w(or)o- "filth, manure"; **g^wer-/g^w or- "malodorous" > *g^wer-/g^wor- "volcano" > "mountain"; PU *kura, "body (= corpse[?])" ; PAA šar-, "be malodorous[?]", in Arabic šarrara, "to defame (if = "to cause to stink[?]")"; in Egyptian X3-t, "corpse"; PD *kur.- "to rot (be malodorous[?])"; Altaic *k'o:rV-, "dung, excrement"; S **hur[?] for ur₅, "to be unclean, impure; to smell"; hur "**malodorous[?]" in hur-sa(n)g[~], "malodorous peak" = "volcano[?]" (source: PL *XO-RHE)

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PL MORPHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN NOSTRATIC

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The correspondence of ???+ roots and ?? formants suffices for a preliminary study to establish the presumption of a genetic relationship.

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TABLE OF PL / IE / AFRASIAN CORRESPONDENCES
TABLE OF PL / IE / ALTAIC CORRESPONDENCES
TABLE OF PL / IE / DRAVIDIAN CORRESPONDENCES
TABLE OF PL / IE / SUMERIAN CORRESPONDENCES
TABLE OF PL / IE / URALIC CORRESPONDENCES