Until the McMahon's broke away from NWA in 1984, all wrestling promotions had operated as local
monopolies, protected from competitive forces, with rudimentary - if any - management structures. Where
such structures existed, they were generally staffed by wrestlers, ex-wrestlers and members of the
promoter's family. Promoters controlled all cards in their territory and could hire and fire wrestling talent
at will, at very low cost and without any significant contractual obligation.

After 40 years of monopoly rule, most promotions had become places where wrestling longevity relied on
getting on with the boss, his family and the old wrestlers in the front office. Men like Ole Anderson, Arn
Anderson, Rick Flair, Dusty Rhodes and Bill Watts had grown up in this culture. They knew nothing else
and they thrived within it.

When Turner purchased WCW in November 1988,  the old crony culture of the WCW came face to face
with the modern management culture of a transnational media conglomerate, operating at the cutting edge of a global communications revolution. It was a shot-gun marriage and a marriage that was never going to be easy. It brought professional managers like Jim Petrick (Vice President at TBS) and Jim Herd (Executive Vice President, WCW) into supervisory positions over men like Crockett, Anderson, Rhodes and others who regarded such 'suits' as having "no place in wrestling."  Petrick and Herd, the argument went, had "never laced up a pair of boots, never put on a pair of tights, never wrestled in the squared circle."
 
          "By this line of reasoning, nobody can figure out the business, book a territory, or have any
          credibility, unless they've wrestled professionally, or were born into one of the supreme wrestling
          bloodlines - i.e., Rhodes, Watts, Andersons, Gagnes, Von Erichs, or McMahons.  If you don't fit into
          any of these categories, you can't possibly ever have a clue about such a 'complicated'  business -
          or so says the old wrestling establishment."
 
 

Jack Petrick - TBS Vice President in charge of WCW	Jim Herd - Executive Vice President of WCW

The pre-contract discussions, between Jim Barnett, Jim Herd and Tom Zenk included a promise to push
Zenk to one of the top 5 'babyface' positions in the promotion.  Zenk already had a contract waiting for him in Japan. He had been touring with Shoehi Baba's All Japan Pro-Wrestling for 2 years and was performing with a tough and aggressive Japan style. He was able to use his exisiting commitments to AJPW to parlay WCW's initial offer into a two year contract, (a year longer than most wrestlers were being offered at the time) at $156,000 per annum.

The WCW's offer, including a promise to make him one of the organization's top 'babyfaces,'  the two year security and the six figure salary were attractive enough to convince Zenk to take the risk. It meant losing face with Joe Higuchi, the referee who had been Shoehi Baba's intermediary and it meant burning a bridge with Baba and AJPW - but Zenk trusted Herd and Barnett.
 

TAPE 1

"The Z-Man and Flyin' Brian" and the new booking committee, January - March 1990
 
 

Things began to improve  in January 1990 following a reshuffle of the booking committee. The new committee, which operated from January to March 1990, comprised Jim Ross, Kevin Sullivan, Ric Flair, Terry Funk and Jim Cornette. Ole Anderson was out. Jim Herd and Jim Barnett were no longer taking as active a role in booking decisions. The power now lay with Flair, Cornette and Sullivan in terms of putting matches together, with Ross and Funk in production of the TBS and syndicated television shows respectively (WON 2/1/90).

Flair had recognized the potential of teaming Zenk with his protégé Brian Pillman who had been struggling to find his spot in the promotion. While Flair was chief booker 'The Z-Man and Flyin' Brian' received a solid push. By late January The Wrestling Observer Newsletter  (1/22/90) was reporting "Zenk and Pillman are looking way better as a team than anyone expected.... The Rock'n Roll Express aren't going to cut it this time around. Zenk and Pillman fit the same niche and are younger, fresher looking and tons better in the ring to the fans."

Meanwhile Flair, who now dominated the booking committee, was using his position to push himself with matches over the younger talent.

(Tape 1 Match 1) In late January, early February, Zenk was booked for two matches against Flair. In the first (in Greensville, 1/23) an initially nervous Zenk outshone an old and lackluster Flair. After a confusing start, with both men playing face, the crowd was backing Zenk.. Apparently frustrated and seeking crowd support, Flair backed Zenk into the turnbuckle for a series of trade mark slaps to the chest. These were delivered so stiffly that they cut Zenk's chest and drew blood. Out of 'character', Flair turned heel, using Zenk's trunks to reverse a cradle for the pin. In their second match (2/4 Texas) Flair played heel from the start and called the match. The two men never met in singles action again.  On 2/17 Flair booked himself to win over the smaller Pillman. Pillman, Flair's protégé, worked more actively than the independent  Zenk to put Flair across.  As a consequence of their performances both Zenk and Pillman became the top candidates for the Fourth Horseman spot (WON 3/5/90) though Flair favored Pillman as the smaller, more pliable man.
 
By this time, Flair was under increasingly heavy criticism for booking matches to put himself over. The practice was beginning to cause morale problems among the rest of the workers.  The Observer, generally sympathetic to Flair, noted - "Part of the problem from [the] management side is that the [booking] committee all consists of active performers and the ego problems are another can of worms. ...Let's just say for example that the booker of the NWA [i.e., Ric Flair] was also potentially its biggest drawing card ....and he pushed himself. Those underneath...will still complain and point out the weaknesses. Then you have a management that joins in and yet the guy is still being pushed as the top guy while everyone tries to shoot him down." (WON 2/26/90).

In response to increasing criticism, Flair resigned as WCW booker in the first week of March.  Jim Herd and Jim Barnett began to take a more active role in booking decisions.

Meanwhile. after several months of build up (Tape 1 Matches 2 - 7) Tom Zenk and Brian Pillman had won the finals of an 8-team tournament, on 2/12/90, to become the United States Tag Team Champions (Tape 1 Match 8). The new champions generated considerable heat across the country defending the titles against the Freebirds and later the Midnight Express (Stan Lane and Bobby Eaton) (Tape 1 Match 9).  Zenk and Pillman actively sought to work with the Midnights since it was generally acknowledged that Bobby Eaton was among the best workers in the circuit. However the Midnights and their 'manger' Jim Cornette were already struggling to save their spots within the organization.

The heat in a feud being developed between Zenk, Pillman and the Midnights increased markedly following a match on 2/28 in Altoona, PA (broadcast on 3/10) when an interesting new twist was introduced. Towards the end of the match, Zenk went for his trade-mark sleeper-hold finisher on Lane. Cornette interfered, hitting Zenk with a 'loaded' tennis racquet. Zenk was thrown from the ring while Lane, Eaton and Cornette triple-teamed Pillman,  'injuring' his throat with the racquet and 'stealing' the tag belts (Tape 1 Match 10). The fan reaction was enormous.
 

"The angle with Zenk and Pillman on 3/10 [broadcast date] was fabulous. All the men involved deserve a round of applause ...This was the best angle in the NWA in a long, long time and the extra touch of unnecessary violence was really appreciated" - Letter to the Wrestling Observer Newsletter -  4/2/90

This was later recognized as a major booking mistake since the effect was to tone down the heat in a very promising angle. "Zenk and Pillman vs Midnights had a hot angle, but most of the heat was killed in the boardroom and the rest of the heat was done away with this weekend when Zenk and Pillman [were booked to steal] .... the belts back " (WON 4/2/90) (Tape 1 segment 13).
 

In fact, the Committee's decision to tone down the angle reflected a reluctance to increase the profile of Jim Cornette and the Midnight Express. By March Jim Crockett had resumed some kind of power role and the booking committee now comprised Crockett, Jim Herd, Jim Ross, Jim Barnett, Jim Cornette, Kevin Sullivan, Wahoo McDaniel, Jody Hamilton and Terry Funk. As a former ally of Flair, Cornette's influence was in rapid decline as was that of Kevin Sullivan. In fact, The Observer (2/4/90) noted "Cornette is fading from the company at this point..."
 
The mistake of downplaying the Pillman-injury angle became apparent in New York on 4/26  when Zenk and Pillman defended their tag titles against the Midnights in a straight title defence.  With all heat now removed from the feud, the hard core Meadowlands crowd supported the challengers and booed the champs. Nonetheless, both teams turned in a four star performance with Zenk and Pillman successfully defending the belts.
 
East Coast audiences, in particular New York and Philadelphia crowds, were recognized as having 'seen everything' and being openly hostile to 'faces'. (According to Jessie Venture "They boo even Santa Claus in Philly!"). Shane Douglas and Johnny Ace had received similar treatment earlier on the same card and Zenk was to receive a second dose later in the evening when he subbed  for Ricky Morton in a match between the Rock'n Roll Express and Freebirds. Zenk's response was (a) philosophical - "You don't swim upstream. They chuck lemons ... you make lemonade. I was making money. They'd paid for their tickets and could shout whatever they liked" - and (b) professional "You don't let the crowd lead the match. When they shout 'boring'  grab a headlock and hold on to it and really bore them. Then give them a high spot. You lead the match. You control it at your pace. Otherwise you get carried away and make mistakes."

 Nine days later (5/9) in Syracuse, NY,  the U.S. tag champions turned in another four star performance in a successful title defence against The Wild Samoans . A series of matches against the Samoans  began to rekindle some of the heat lost from the Midnight Express feud (Tape 1 Match 11). By this time the Midnight Express were having serious problems renegotiating their contracts, problems that were only resolved within days of the "Capital Combat" PPV.
 

TAPE 2
Between the 'Rock' and a Hard Place
Tom Zenk vs the 'Ole brigade.'
 
In the first week of May, 1990 the NWA formally announced the selection of Ole 'Rock' Anderson as new WCW chief booker over candidates such as Bill Watts and Dusty Rhodes 

The booking committee, led by Flair, which had ousted Anderson in January 1990, had considered him too old to be wrestling and removed him from active ring work in February 1990. His unsuitability for continued ring work had been made clear for all when the Freebirds - settling an old score -  'blew him up' in a match in Dayton, Ohio.The Observer  (2/26/90) welcomed the Committee's decision, commenting that while "Ole is awesome in interviews ... [we] wish we didn't have to watch him wrestle."  In normal circumstances Anderson should have faded out to make way for younger talent. Indeed an 'I Quit"  match had been booked between Scott Steiner and Ole Anderson that would have ended Anderson's career. But the match didn't take place. Instead, in an unexpected  twist, Anderson was back and bitter and apparently gunning for what The Observer described as WCW's "stable of experienced top quality workers."

In the same edition that announced Anderson's appointment, The Observer warned its readers, with astonishing accuracy  - "Expect .... Tom Zenk to be putting guys over with Anderson as booker" (5/21/90).

Anderson believed that, Zenk, with his 'defection' from WWF and supposed 'nomadism' in AWA, PNW,  Japan, etc., was 'footloose' and potentially a 'quitter'  - a 'weak link' who could be forced out if enough pressure was applied. "It was like a domino. Break one and all will fall."

"Putting other guys over" or jobbing talented to less talented workers was a recognized method of pressuring a wrestler out. 'Jobbing' took heat away from a star and often demoralized him. In April,  Shane Douglas had left WCW rather than continue losing heat by putting 'Mean' Mark Callas over, arguing that  "If you lose too many matches on TV millions of people see it. After a while, people stop following you."

The first clear sign that Anderson was specifically targetting Zenk came when Zenk was reported  'injured' on 5/12 in a Detroit match and was replaced (by Paul Drake) for a scheduled 5/13 return match with Pillman against the Samoans in Chicago. Zenk had in fact 'no-showed' the Chicago match to return to Minneapolis for family reasons. Anderson retaliated with an unprecedented $2,500 fine. As the Observer Newsletter commented "Since no-showing at that time, and even now, was a somewhat frequent occurrence without fines anywhere near that level, Zenk's lawyers protested to management" (WON, 8/20/90). Zenk's attorney had business connections to Ted Turner and the matter was quickly resolved in Zenk's favor. Jim Herd warned Anderson to back off. Anderson complied, but only temporarily.

Anderson's next move was to require all WCW talent to relocate to Atlanta. Under Zenk's contract the company had undertaken to fly him home to Minneapolis whenever he had two clear days in the booking schedule. Anderson revoked this in the hope of applying additional pressure. 

Zenk and Pillman had been employed under a contract system introduced by Jim Herd. Herd believed in picking winners and making long term investments in them. Anderson, on the other hand,  believed that long term contracts gave too much security to the wrestlers and too little power to the bookers.

The young talent in WCW saw their contracts as a reward for years of hard work in the journeymen ranks. If they owed loyalty to anyone, it was primarily to the company and men like Herd and Barnett who recognized and nurtured their talent.  They owed nothing to Anderson and generally regarded him as an uninspirational old-style manager who rewarded cronyism rather than talent and hard work. In short, they weren't 'Ole's guys'
 
For his part, Anderson believed he could make a star out of anyone and regarded talent like Zenk and Pillman to be interchageable with that of Gibson and Morton or Rich and Landell - depending on whom he chose to push. And since Morton and Gibson were available at $75,000 why pay Pillman and Zenk twice that amount  to stay around? In Anderson's reasoning it was a two for one sale. For one of their salaries he could get two of his guys and push them in their place.

Anderson began to recruit older and cheaper talent under less secure conditions of employment - men who 'owed Anderson from before' - in short, 'Ole's guys,' who could be relied on to be pliable and loyal because Anderson had the power to make or break them. The names he recruited included Paul Orndorff, The Iron Sheik, Buddy Landell, Bob Orton and The Junkyard Dog. The Observer noted - " It appears we are going back in time, about eight-to-ten years to be exact, with the return of all the "old favorites" with the emphasis on the word old and not favorites. Looking at the whole thing collectively it isn't a good sign.... "  Letters to The Observer criticized Anderson for "emptying the old grapplers' home." and talked of  a "Seniors Tour" in the "Nostalgia Wrestling Alliance."

The Observer reported - "Midnight Express won the US Tag team titles from Tom Zenk and Brian Pillman in 20.19. Jim Cornette was placed in a cage at ringside ...Pillman's chest was all bruised up before the match even started courtesy of working most of the past week with Flair. Good fast action all the way. In some spots the guys seemed slightly flat, I would guess because of the heat [no air conditioning]. Still, it was the best match on the card. Zenk and Pillman did most of their best moves early. Midnights gained control when Pillman missed a tackle at the 10 minute mark and they worked him over for most of the rest of the way. ... Midnights did their usual hot moves, including two or three new ones while working Pillman over. The hot tag to Zenk was the biggest pop live of the entire night. After Zenk kicked out of the rocket launcher and Eaton missed a tackle into the corner, Zenk put the sleeper on. It turned into a four-way and Lane gave Zenk an enzuiguiri (karate kick to the back of the head, although it looked more like the upper back) and Eaton cradled Zenk for the win  [*** and three quarters.] "

Within weeks, despite their good showing,  the highly successful tag team of "The Z-Man and Flyin' Brian" had been disbanded by Anderson while The Rock 'n Roll Express (Morton and Gibson) were being pushed in their place.

Zenk and Pillman were now receiving dramatically less push than the veteran Tommy Rich though "the fans have been rejecting Rich since his return last summer.' The Observer (6/4/90) reported that there "appears there will be a renewed push for Tommy Rich, while Tom Zenk, Norman and Cactus Jack don't appear to be seeing a whole lot of push. .... Pillman [is] booked mainly with the Iron Sheik and Mean Mark. That could mean lost in the shuffle but it may mean being shuffled to the bottom of the deck, but [it] doesn't look like he'll be keeping the high face spot either."
 
By mid June, Mick Foley had had enough. The Observer (6/18/1990) reported  "Cactus Jack finished up on Sunday night in Sunrise FL. Ole Anderson was going to job him out so he decided it would be best to quit. It appears both Brian Pillman and Tom Zenk are going to be phased down and out respectively" - notwithstanding more than a year left to run on Zenk's contract.
 
 

(Tape 2 Match 7) Though split up for their next PPV appearance (6/13 Clash of Champions - 'Coastal Crush' - Citadel, Charleston, SC)  Zenk and Pillman continued to put in solid professional performances.   Zenk unexpectedly found himself partnering Mike Rotunda against the Samoans without the benefit of any storyline. Zenk and Rotunda won in 5.27. Dave Meltzer reported -  " Finish saw Rotunda thrown over the top rope behind the ref's back. Fatu then gave Zenk a Samoan drop and splashed onto him off the middle rope. Rotunda then pulled Zenk out of the ring behind the ref and Fatu's back and switched places. When Fatu picked Rotunda up, Rotunda 'surprised' him with a cradle. Good finish."  Pillman was booked against Mean Mark Callas and lost. Having missed a spot he received considerable criticism. The Steiner Brothers, also under considerable pressure from Anderson, showed the strain and fought openly with him backstage. The Steiners had expected to retain their belts at Clash but were instead booked to lose them to Doom. They rewarded Anderson with a not very clean finish.

After "Coastal Crush" Anderson removed Zenk from the booking schedule for almost a month while hiring two new 'faces' - Tim Horner ('The Star Blazer') and  Brad Armstrong ("The Candyman"). Both these men had worked for Anderson before and were willing to come in at cheaper rates. Anderson told Zenk he had nothing for him, expecting him to 'take the hint.' But it was summer, Zenk had an empty schedule and the checks were still rolling in. He didn't take the hint. He reportedly told Anderson "Thanks for the time off" and went home to spend June on the sun-deck.

With the alleged no-show, the fine, the engagement of lawyers, the loss of the tag belts, the disbanded tag team, the enforced spell away and a squash to Vader booked for July - this must have been an extremely stressful time. If Zenk had time to reflect on the first two months of Andersons' tenure, it must have been clear what was to come for as long as Anderson was booker  - reduced bookings (Zenk was absent from WCW cards from 6/13 to 7/4) and an increasing number of losses (50% of all matches).

Returning to WCW in July, Zenk hung on despite continuing pressure and harassment from Anderson. He found support among some of the veterans, including Harley Race who told Zenk - following a match where both men had worked to put each other over  - "If you know how to work, they can never kill you off. And kid, you know how to work. Don't ever forget that. Keep taking what you have to take and do what you have to do - but never quit."

(Tape 2 Match 12) "Great American Bash" -  "Taking what you have to take" now included being booked to put over Vader at the Great American Bash '90, Baltimore Arena, Baltimore, MA on 7/7. WCW contracts stipulated that all finishes were final. If Zenk refused the match precisely as it had been booked, then Anderson finally had grounds for termination. Zenk took the match and worked to buff his body to make it obvious they were deliberately crushing one of the top babyfaces instead of using a jobber. Wrestlers and smarts, at least, would know what was going on.

The match was scheduled to last just over 5 minutes but after 2 minutes Anderson gave the signal to 'go home.' Again, this was a recognized way for a booker to humiliate a worker by screwing the match. As The Observer reported, with no time for the match to develop, it simply became a squash.

The Wrestling Observer Newsletter reported - "Big Van Vader pinned Tom Zenk in 2:16 with a big splash. There was interest in seeing Vader from the TV clips, and he got a babyface reaction coming down the aisle, especially when the fans saw the headgear blowing steam. Crowd was quiet once the match started because they couldn't work out if Vader was a face or heel. Zenk sold his stuff good and he did some elbow drops and falling moves that got over because of his weight. But because of the time, this was really just a squash " half *
 

Great American Bash '90     "NWA contracts stipulated that all finishes are final. If Zenk had refused the match then Anderson finally had grounds for termination."  Meltzer reported that "Zenk sold his stuff good" despite Anderson  cutting the match-time in half."