The Circassians in Jordan: A Bibliography
 
 Prepared
by
 Amjad Jaimoukha
The Folklore Committee, Al-ahli club
 
General
  1. BASIC FACTS ON JORDAN. E. W. BETHMAN (Ed.). WASHINGTON D.C., 1963.
  2. CERKESSES. ALEXANDRE POPOVIC. IN ENCYCLOPEDIE DE L'ISLAM, 2e Ed.
  3. ? CIRCASSIANS IN DIASPORA [ORIENT 4/69, AUGUST 1969].
  4. DER NATIONALE NAME DER TSCHERKESSEN [BONNER JAHRBUCHER, PP. 60-63], VON GERHARD DEETERS. {THE NATIONAL NAME OF THE CIRCASSIANS}
  5. ETHNICITY AND LEADERSHIP: THE CIRCASSIANS IN JORDAN. SATANAY SHAMI. UNPUBLISHED Ph.D. DISSERTATION, UNIVERSITY OF BERKELEY, 1982. {A COPY FROM UNIVERSITY OF BERKELEY LIBRARY REQUIRES AUTHOR'S PERMIT!}
  6. ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUPS IN THE CAUCASUS REGION. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY, C.I.A., WASHINGTON D.C., 1993.
  7. FORTY YEARS IN THE WILDERNESS. HARRY S. J. B. PHILBY. LONDON: ROBERT HALE LIMITED, 1957.
  8. HUSSEIN'S KINGDOM. W. CARR. FREWIN, 1966.
  9. JORDAN. ANN DEARDEN. LONDON: ROBERT HALE LIMITED, 1958. / UNI. MAN.
  10. JORDAN. F. K. POOLE. FRANKLIN WATTS Inc., 1974.
  11. JOURNEY EAST OF JORDAN [GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL, 5, 1895, PP. 38-43], C. W. DOUGHTY.
  12. MINORITIES IN THE ARAB WORLD. A. H. HOURANI. OXFORD: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1947.
  13. MINORITIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST [INDIA QUARTERLY, XVII, JULY/SEPTEMBER 1961, PP. 242-57], JOSEPH B. SCHECHTMAN.
  14. RECUEIL SUR LES MONTAGNARDS DU CAUCASE, LES INGUSCH, LEUR VIE ET LEURS MOEURS. GRABOWSKI. {THE INGUSH ARE ETHNICALLY AND LINGUISTICALLY RELATED TO THE CHECHEN}
  15. SOME MINORITIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST. R. TAPPER (Ed.). OCCASIONAL PAPER IX. LONDON: CNMES/SOAS, 1992.
  16. THE CIRCASSIANS. MOHAMMAD KHEIR HAGHANDOQA. AMMAN: RAFIDI PRINT, JAN. 1985. 1st Ed. (229 PAGES). {ORIGIN, HISTORY, CUSTOMS, TRADITIONS, IMMIGRATION TO JORDAN}
  17. THE CIRCASSIANS IN JORDAN. BRUCE DOUGLAS MACKEY. MASTER'S THESIS. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL, MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, JUNE 1979. (130 PAGES). {ABSTRACT: THIS THESIS EXAMINES THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL POSITION OF THE CIRCASSIAN MINORITY IN JORDAN. ALTHOUGH THE CIRCASSIAN MINORITY CONTRIBUTES ONLY ABOUT 1% OF THE POPULATION IT OCCUPIES A DISPROPORTIONATELY INFLUENTIAL POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC POSITION. THIS THESIS PROVIDES A BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE CIRCASSIANS PRIOR TO THEIR MIGRATION TO TRANSJORDAN,  OUTLINES THE MEANS BY WHICH THE CIRCASSIANS REACHED THEIR HIGH STATUS IN JORDANIAN SOCIETY, THE METHODS BY WHICH THEY HAVE MAINTAINED THIS POSITION, AND OFFERS A PROJECTION AS TO THE FUTURE OF THE CIRCASSIANS IN JORDAN. THE HYPOTHESIS OF THIS STUDY IS THAT THE CIRCASSIAN MINORITY IN JORDAN OCCUPY THIS HIGH POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL POSITION AS A RESULT OF THEIR LOYALTY TO THE HASHEMITE MONARCHY. THIS LOYALTY TO AN EXISTING REGIME IS A UNIQUE CULTURAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CIRCASSIANS WHICH HAS DEVELOPED AS A RESULT OF THEIR HISTORY. IN THE PAST IT WAS CHIEFLY EXPRESSED IN MILITARY TERMS BUT IN THE PAST THIRTY YEARS THE CIRCASSIANS HAVE ALSO SUPPORTED THE HASHEMITE MONARCHY ECONOMICALLY AND POLITICALLY}
  18. THE CIRCASSIANS IN JORDAN: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION.  AMJAD M. JAIMOUKHA. AMMAN: THE FOLKLORE COMMITTEE, AL-AHLI CLUB, 1998. (18 PAGES).
  19. THE DRUZES AND CIRCASSIANS OF ISRAEL. DAVID WASSERSTEIN. LONDON: ANGLO-ISRAEL ASSOCIATION, 1976.
  20. THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN. P. G. PHILLIPS. Ph.D. THESIS, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, 1954.
  21. THE KINGDOM OF JORDAN. RAPHAEL PATAI. PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY: PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1958.
  22. THE LAND AND PEOPLE OF JORDAN. PAUL W. COPELAND. PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, 1965.
  23. THE MINORITIES IN ISRAEL. ORI STENDEL. JERUSALEM: THE ISRAEL ECONOMIST, 1973.
  24. THE SILENT MINORITY: CIRCASSIANS IN THE MIDDLE EAST. MARWAN S. KASIM. (22 pages).
  25. WHO ARE THE CIRCASSIANS? [INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ORIENTALISTS XII, ROME, 1899, ACTES Vol. 2, PP. 213-223], GABRIEL BALINT. / UNI. MAN.
  26. WORLD MINORITIES. ASHWORTH. / UNI. MAN.
 
History
  1. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE EAST. GEORGE E. KIRK. WASHINGTON: PUBLIC AFFAIRS PRESS, 1949.
  2. CIRCASSIA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: THE FUTILE FIGHT FOR FREEDOM. PAUL B. HENZE. PP. 243-73 IN PASSE TURCO-TATAR PRESENT SOVIETIQUE, ETUDES OFFERTES A ALEXANDRE BENNIGSEN. CHANTAL LEMERCIER-QUELQUEJAY, G. VEINSTEIN ET S. ENDERS WIMBUSH (Eds.). LOUVAIN-PARIS: EDITIONS PEETERS ET EDITIONS DE L'ECOLE DES HAUTES ETUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES, 1986. {THIS WORK PUTS THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT OF GREAT POWER RIVALRY AND DEALS WITH THE RESISTANCE OF THE CIRCASSIANS TO THE RUSSIAN CONQUEST OF THE NORTH-WEST CAUCASUS}
  3. CIRCASSIAN RESISTANCE TO RUSSIA. PAUL B. HENZE. PP. 62-111 IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS BARRIER: THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TOWARDS THE MUSLIM WORLD. MARIE BENNIGSEN-BROXUP (Ed.). LONDON: HURST & CO., 1992. {"WHY HAS THE CIRCASSIANS' LONG AND STUBBORN RESISTANCE TO THE RUSSIANS ATTRACTED SO LITTLE ATTENTION? TWO REASONS CAN BE ADVANCED. ONE IS THAT LEADERSHIP AMONG THEM WAS DIFFUSE. THEY PRODUCED BRAVE, INTELLIGENT AND COLOURFUL LEADERS, BUT NO SINGLE PERSONALITY DOMINATED THEIR STRUGGLE. MORE IMPORTANT, PROBABLY, IS THE FACT THAT WHEN THE CIRCASSIANS WERE DEFEATED AFTER A HALF-CENTURY OF HARD FIGHTING, THE MAJORITY OF THEM EMIGRATED TO THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. THE LANDS WHERE THEY ONCE LIVED WERE COLONIZED BY SLAVS. THE SMALL GROUPS OF CIRCASSIANS WHO REMAINED IN THEIR TRADITIONAL HOMELAND WERE SEPARATED FROM EACH OTHER AND WERE LESS ABLE TO MAINTAIN THEIR TRADITIONS AND SENSE OF COHESIVENESS THAN THE TRIBES THAT HAD SUPPORTED SHAMIL. THEIR DISPERSAL HAS REDUCED AWARENESS OF THEM BOTH IN THE RUSSIAN/SOVIET EMPIRE AND IN THE WEST. ... AFTER THE GEORGIANS AND ARMENIANS, THE CIRCASSIANS CAME CLOSEST OF ALL THE CAUCASIAN PEOPLES TO DEVELOPING THE PREREQUISITES FOR NATIONHOOD. THEY HAD TRADITIONS OF ROOTS EXTENDING BACK TO THE DAWN OF RECORDED HISTORY. THEIR ANCESTORS MAY WELL HAVE GREETED THE FIRST GREEKS WHO CAME TO COLCHIS IN SEARCH OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PEOPLE SPEAKING DIALECTS ANCESTRAL TO CIRCASSIAN MAY HAVE EXTENDED DEEP INTO THE PRESENT AREA OF THE UKRAINE IN PREHISTORIC TIMES. THEY APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN THE DOMINANT INHABITANTS ALONG THE NORTHERN AND EASTERN BLACK SEA LITTORAL FROM THE CRIMEA TO THE MOUTH OF THE RIONI (THE ANCIENT PHASIS) IN HELLENISTIC TIMES. ... THERE WAS LITTLE DIFFERENTIATION OF PROFESSION AMONG CIRCASSIANS. ALL FARMED AND MOST KEPT LIVESTOCK. THOSE WHO ACQUIRED WEALTH KEPT LARGE HERDS OF CATTLE AND MANY HORSES. FORESTS WERE RICH IN GAME AND SUPPLIED MORE THAN ENOUGH WOOD FOR FUEL AND CONSTRUCTION. ... FOR THOSE TIMES, HEALTH CONDITIONS WERE GOOD AND THERE WAS USUALLY SURPLUS POPULATION. FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS, IN FACT, THE MAIN EXPORT OF THE CIRCASSIAN LANDS WAS PEOPLE; DEDICATED AS THEY WERE TO THEIR OWN TRADITIONS, CIRCASSIAN MEN WERE ALWAYS READY TO VENTURE INTO THE WIDER WORLD AS SOLDIERS. THE MAMLUKS OF EGYPT WERE LARGELY CIRCASSIANS AND GEORGIANS. ... THE CIRCASSIANS SEEM TO PRESENT AN ANOMALY -- A PEOPLE WITH A COMMON LANGUAGE, COMMON PRIDE IN THEIR HISTORY, AND FIERCE ADHERENCE TO TRADITIONS, BUT WITHOUT A WRITTEN LANGUAGE OR RECORDED LAWS, AND WITH AN ABSENCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE AND OF ORGANIZATION TO PROVIDE FOR THEIR OWN DEFENCE. IT WAS NOT ONLY THEIR CLASSICAL EDUCATION THAT CAUSED MANY EUROPEANS WHO VISITED THE CIRCASSIANS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY TO COMPARE THEM TO THE ANCIENT GREEKS AND SEE AMONG THEM SURVIVALS OF CLASSICAL GREEK CUSTOMS AND HABITS. CLASSICAL GREEKS WERE NEVER UNITED POLITICALLY, EVEN THOUGH THEY HAD DEVELOPED URBAN CULTURE TO A MUCH HIGHER DEGREE. INDIVIDUAL CITY-STATES FOUGHT BITTER WARS AGAINST EACH OTHER. STILL, GREEKS WERE ALL CONSCIOUS OF BELONGING TO A GREEK NATION WHICH WAS SHARPLY DIFFERENTIATED FROM THE BARBARIANS AROUND THEM. LIKE THE ANCIENT GREEKS, CIRCASSIAN TRIBES RAIDED EACH OTHER AND TOOK PRISONERS AND HOSTAGES AND THEN MET IN COUNCILS ON NEUTRAL GROUND TO REGULATE RELATIONS BETWEEN TRIBES AND CLANS, DEBATE POLITICAL ISSUES, AND THEN HOLD GAMES AND FESTIVALS, BUT THEIR FEELING OF COMMON NATIONALITY WAS NOT INSTITUTIONALIZED BEYOND THIS LEVEL. ... COSSACKS ADOPTED CIRCASSIAN CUSTOMS AND STYLE OF LIFE WHICH WAS IN MANY RESPECTS OF A HIGHER QUALITY THAN THE RUSSIANS HAD ATTAINED AT THE TIME. ... IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY THE BASIC RUSSIAN APPROACH WAS TO DEVELOP ALLIANCE RELATIONSHIPS WITH AS MANY OF THE KABARDIAN ARISTOCRACY AS POSSIBLE, GAIN THEIR ACQUIESCENCE IN A PERMANENT RUSSIAN PRESENCE IN THE REGION, AND CONSTRUCT CHAINS OF FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS. OVER TIME, THEY ACHIEVED CONSIDERABLE SUCCESS, BUT THERE WERE REPEATED REBELLIONS, FOR, LIKE ALL CIRCASSIANS, THE KABARDIAN FREEMEN DID NOT ACKNOWLEDGE THE DOMINANCE OF ANY SINGLE PRINCE, AND SOME PRINCES RESENTED FAVOURITISM SHOWN TO RIVALS. THE BULK OF THE PEOPLE SELDOM SAW MUCH GAIN FOR THEMSELVES IN RUSSIAN DOMINATION. THESE EPISODES WERE PARTICULARLY DIFFICULT FOR SOVIET HISTORIANS TO DEAL WITH AND RESULTED IN MUCH CONTROVERSY AND SOPHISTRY ABOUT THE 'VOLUNTARY' INCORPORATION OF KABARDA INTO THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND ABOUT WHICH GROUPS AMONG KABARDIANS ACTUALLY FAVOURED IT". PAUL HENZE HAS SERVED ON THE US NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL FROM 1976 TO 1980. HE IS CONSULTANT TO THE RAND CORPORATION AND AUTHOR OF SOVIET STRATEGY AND ISLAM}
  4. CIRCASSIANS [CENTRAL ASIAN SURVEY, Vol. 10, No. 1/2, 1991, PP. 1-64], RAMAZAN TRAHO. {CIRCASSIAN HISTORY FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE SOVIET PERIOD}
  5. CIRCASSIANS. DONALD P. LITTLE. IN DICTIONARY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. NEW YORK: SCRIBNER'S, 1983.
  6. CIRCASSIAN WAR. DAVID URQUHART. {THE AUTHOR, A REMARKABLE SCOT, WAS BORN IN 1805. HE WAS THE FIRST BRITON TO ESPOUSE THE CAUSE OF THE CIRCASSIANS. HE VISITED CIRCASSIA IN JULY AND AUGUST 1834. HE WAS APPOINTED SECRETARY TO THE BRITISH AMBASSADOR IN TURKEY IN 1836. HE BECAME A FOCAL POINT FOR THE CIRCASSIAN EXILE COMMUNITY IN CONSTANTINOPLE. HE SUFFERED A SETBACK WHEN A SMALL BRITISH VESSEL, THE VIXEN, WAS CAPTURED LATE IN 1836 BY THE RUSSIANS WHEN IT WAS TRYING TO RUN THEIR BLOCKADE OF THE CIRCASSIAN COAST WITH A CARGO OF SALT. THE DIPLOMATIC INCIDENT WAS EMBARRASSING TO ALL THE POWERS INVOLVED. URQUHART HAD PERSUADED ANOTHER BRITON, JAMES STANISLAUS BELL, WHO HAD CHARTERED THE VESSEL AS A MERCHANT, TO DISPATCH IT CONTRARY TO THE ADVICE OF PONSONBY, THE AMBASSADOR. URQUHART WAS EXPELLED FROM THE EMBASSY AND THEN RECALLED TO LONDON IN 1837}
  7. CIRCASSIAN WAR. JOHN MILTON MACKIE.
  8. CO-OPT(AT)ION OF THE ELITES OF KABARDA AND DAGHESTAN IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. CHANTAL LEMERCIER-QUELQUEJAY. PP. 18-44 IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS BARRIER: THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TOWARDS THE MUSLIM WORLD. MARIE BENNIGSEN-BROXUP (Ed.). LONDON: HURST & CO., 1992. {CHANTAL LEMERCIER-QUELQUEJAY IS MAITRE ASSISTANT AT THE ECOLE DES HAUTES ETUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES. SHE IS THE CO-AUTHOR WITH ALEXANDRE BENNIGSEN OF ISLAM IN THE SOVIET UNION, LES MOUVEMENTS NATIONAUX CHEZ LES MUSULMANS DE RUSSIE AND LA PRESSE ET LE MOUVEMENT NATIONAL CHEZ LES MUSULMANS DE RUSSIE AVANT 1920}
  9. DAVID URQUHART AND THE EASTERN QUESTION, 1833-37: A STUDY IN PUBLICITY AND DIPLOMACY [JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY, 1936, PP. 444-67], G. H. BOLSOVER.
  10. DAVID URQUHART: SOME CHAPTERS IN THE LIFE OF A VICTORIAN KNIGHT-ERRANT OF JUSTICE AND LIBERTY. GERTRUDE ROBINSON. OXFORD, 1920. {BIOGRAPHY}
  11. DER FREIHEITSKAMPF DER BERGVOELKER DES KAUKASUS. THEOPHIL LAPINSKI, 18.
  12. DIE BERGVOLKER DES KAUKASUS UND IHR FREIHEITSKAMPF GEGEN DI RUSSEN: NACH EIGENER ANSCHAUUNG GESCHILDERT. THEOPHIL LAPINSKI. HAMBURG: HOFFMAN UND CAMPE, 1863.
  13. DIE TSCHERKESSEN-EMIGRATION NACH DER DONAU [OSTERREICHISCHE REVUE III/1, WIEN, 1865, PP. 227-43], F. KANITZ.
  14. EGYPT AND SYRIA UNDER THE CIRCASSIAN SULTANS, 1382-1468 A. D.: SYSTEMATIC NOTES TO IBN TAGHRI BIRDI'S CHRONICLES OF EGYPT. WILLIAM POPPER (1874-1963). UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN SEMITIC PHILOLOGY, Vols. 15, 16, 24. BERKELEY: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, 1955, 1957, 1963. NEW YORK: AMS PRESS, 1977. {REVIEWED BY J. F. P. HOPKINS IN BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES (BSOAS), Vol. 19, 1957, P. 411; AND Vol. 22, 1959, PP. 402-3. ALSO REVIEWED BY SUBHI LABIB IN DER ISLAM, Vol. 35, 1960, PP. 167-69. FINALLY BY ANDREW S. EHRENKREUTZ IN ARS ORIENTALIS, Vol. 4, 1961, PP. 428-430 (AMONGST OTHER POPPER WORKS REVIEWED)}
  15. EGYPT AND THE FERTILE CRESCENT, 1516-1922: A POLITICAL HISTORY. P. M. HOLT. ITHACA, NEW YORK; LONDON, 1966.
  16. EMIGRATION OF MUSLIMS FROM THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE YEARS AFTER THE CRIMEAN WAR [JAHRBUCHERFUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS 35, 1987, PP. 356-71], ALAN W. FISHER.
  17. FIN DE LA REVOLTE DRUZO-SYRIENNE [ALTERNATIVE, OCTOBER 1996], P. LEFRANC. {ALTERNATIVE EST UN MENSUEL LIBANAIS D'INFORMATION. SEE ALSO ARTICLE LA REVOLTE DRUZE}
  18. FIRE AND SWORD IN THE CAUCASUS: THE 19th CENTURY RESISTANCE OF THE NORTH CAUCASIAN MOUNTAINEERS [CENTRAL ASIAN SURVEY, Vol. 2, No. 1, JULY 1983, PP. 5-44], PAUL B. HENZE. {ON THE RUSSO-CIRCASSIAN WARS OF THE 19th CENTURY}
  19. FOREIGN OFFICE ARCHIVES. LONDON. F. O. 424/61-85, CONFIDENTIAL 3399-3602, 3625-3752.
  20. HEROES AND EMPERORS IN CIRCASSIAN HISTORY. SHAUKAT MUFTI (HABJOKA) M.D.  BEIRUT: LIBRAIRIE DU LIBAN, 1972. (XI, 351 PAGES).
  21. HISTORY OF EGYPT UNDER THE CIRCASSIANS [UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS ON SEMITIC PHILOLOGY, Vols. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19], WILLIAM POPPER.
  22. HISTOIRE DES GUERRES ET DE LA CONQUETE DU CAUCASE. DOUBROVINE.
  23. HISTORY OF THE ARABS AND ISLAM. PHILIP HITTI. BEIRUT: AL-KASHAFF PRESS, 1961.
  24. KARS AND ERZEROUM. WITH THE CAMPAIGNS OF PRINCE PASKIEWITCH IN 1828 AND 1829 AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONQUESTS OF RUSSIA BEYOND THE CAUCASUS FROM THE TIME OF PETER THE GREAT TO THE TREATY OF TURCUMAN CHIE AND ADRIANOPLE. W[ILLIAM] MONTEITH. LONDON: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN AND LONGMANS, 1856. {ON THE RUSSO-TURKISH WAR, 1828-9, AND THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-6. ON PP. 305-16, APPENDIX, THERE IS THE TEXT OF THE PEACE TREATY OF ADRIANOPLE (1829)}
  25. L'ADMINISTRATION D'ALEP SOUS LES MAMLUKS CIRCASSIENS (IXe-XVe SIECLE: LE CAS DES BANU SAFFA) [REVUE DU MONDE MUSULMAN ET DE LA MEDITERRANEE, Vol. 62, 1991, PP. 72-80. VOLUME TITLE: ALEP ET LA SYRIE DU NORD], BERNADETTE MARTEL-THOUMIAN.
  26. LA FORMATION DE L'EMPIRE RUSSE. NOLDE. {CHAPTER 13, LES APPROCHES IN PART 4 L'EXPANSION VERS LE CAUCASE, IS AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE RUSSIAN RELATIONS WITH KABARDA AND THE BEGINNING OF THE RUSSIAN INVASION OF THE CAUCASUS. CHAPTER 15, CONSOLIDATION DES RESULTATS ACQUIS PAR LES PREDECESSEURS DE PIERRE LE GRAND , IS AN ACCOUNT OF THE RUSSIAN ANNEXATION OF KABARDA.  MANY OLD KABARDIAN NAMES ARE QUOTED: BOUGATCHIK, TANACHOUK, SIBOK, ATSYMTCHOUK, TOUTARYK, EZGBOLD, KOUDADIK KAVKLYTCH KANOUKOV, TEMRIOUK, TAZRIOUT TCHIOURAK, BAACHIK, MACHIK, BOULGAIROUK NAMSTRIOUK, CHOPCHOUK, TAZRIOUT, MAIT KANBOULAT, KOUDENET, KHOUDENET, OTCHIKAN, DAMANIOUK, DOMANIOUK, ISBOULDOUG, ANZAROUK, CHIMGALEI, KANGLYTCHEV, BITEMRIOUK, FAMILLE DE TOILOSTAN, CHOLOKH TACHBSAROUKOV, PAPCHOUK, OSLONBEK IANSOKH, KAITOUK, NASTRIOUK, NARTCHOV, PCHIMAKHA, IANSOKH, ADEMIR KAZANALP, BOUDATCHEIS, SOUNTCHELEI, OLEGOUK, KHOTOKIOUKI, ILDAR, TCHAPOLOV, SALTANKOUL, SAOUSLAN, TAZRYT, OKHLOV, MOUDAR, KOUNMOURZA, KANCHOV, SLANBEK INARMAS, KLYTCH, SATALTANMAGNOUT, KAZY. TWO DISTRICTS IN KABARDA ARE MENTIONED: ABESLIN AND DJANK}
  27. LA POUSSEE VERS LES MERS CHAUDES ET LA BARRIERE DU CAUCASE. ALEXANDRE BENNIGSEN AND CHANTAL LEMERCIER-QUELQUEJAY. PP. 15-46 IN RAIYYET RUSUMU: ESSAYS PRESENTED TO HALIL INALCIK ... JOURNAL OF TURKISH STUDIES, Vol. 10, 1986.
  28. LA REVOLTE DRUZE (SUITE). ANDREW TARNOWSKI. PUBLISHED BY REUTERS ON JULY 23rd, 1996. REPUBLISHED BY ALTERNATIVE IN ITS AUGUST 1996 ISSUE. {THE DRUZE REVOLT OF 1925 AND THE ROLE OF THE CIRCASSIANS THEREIN. SEE ALSO FIN DE LA REVOLTE DRUZO-SYRIENNE ABOVE. ALTERNATIVE IS A MONTHLY BULLETIN ON LEBANON}
  29. LA TCHETCHENIE ET LA GUERRE DU CAUCASE AU XIX^e SIECLE [HERODOTE (ISSN 0038-487X), No. 81, 1996, P. 98 ff.], M. VATCHAGAEV.
  30. L'AVENEMENT DES CIRCASSIENS. ?. {" LE MASSACRE DES DISSIDENTS MUSULMAN DU LIBAN PAR LES MAMLOUKS, FAVORISERENT SINGULIEREMENT L'EXPANSION DES MARONITES. ... LES MAMLOUKS BORDJITES D'ORIGINE CIRCASSIENNE, COMPOSES D'ESCLAVES. BARKOUK, LEUR CHEF, FUT NOMME SULTAN D'EGYPTE. ... KANSO-EL-GORI, SULTAN DES MAMLOUKS. ... KANSO FUT TUE A LA BATAILLE DE MERDJ DABIQ. ... LE REGNE DES MAMLOUKS BORDJITE AVAIT DURE 135 ANS (1381-1516/17). ... IBN TAGHRI-BIRDI - LE PLUS-CONNAIS HISTORIEN DE L'EPOQUE."}
  31. LE CAUCASE ENTRE 1760-1864. AZIZ MEKER. PARIS.
  32. LES MAMLOUKS CIRCASSIENS. HASSAN MOHAMMAED EL-HAWARY. PP. 191-202 IN MATERIAUX POUR UN CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM ARABICARUM, QUATRIEME PARTIE: ARABIE: INSCRIPTIONS ET MONUMENTS DE LA MECQUE, HARAM ET KA'BA. NIKITA ELISSEEFF (Ed.). Vol. 1 (FASC. 1). MIFAO; 109. CAIRO: INSTITUT FRANCIAS D'ARCHEOLOGIE ORIENTALE, 1985. {REVIEWED BY G. R. HAWTING IN BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES (BSOAS), Vol. 52, 1989, PP. 547-8}
  33. LES EXILES DU CAUCASE. ALEXANDRE NAJJAR. PARIS: GRASSET, 1995. (380 PP., 135 ff.). {ARABIC EDITION: DOUROUB EL HIJRA, DAR AN NAHAR (424 PP.). "TERRE DE LEGENDE ET MEMOIRE DES HOMMES, LE CAUCASE NE CONNAITRA-T-IL DONC JAMAIS LA PAIX? AUJOURD'HUI COMME HIER, AU TEMPS DE LA FEDERATION RUSSE COMME AU TEMPS DU TSAR, EN CIRCASSIE COMME EN TCHETCHENIE, DES CAUCASIENS MEURENT POUR LA LIBERTE. ... LES EXILES DU CAUCASE RACONTE LE COMBAT DE CES MONTAGNARDS, RETRACE LA FORMIDABLE ET TRAGIQUE EPOPEE DE CHEIKH MANSOUR ET DES SES DESCENDANTS TCHERKESSES, CHASSES DU CAUCASE DANS LA SECONDE MOITIE DU XIXe SIECLE, PUIS RECUEILLIS PAR LE SULTAN AVANT DE S'ETABLIR DANS LES BALKANS, A L'EST DU JOURDAIN, AU LIBAN ET EN SYRIE OU ILS SE METTENT AU SERVICE DE L'ARMEE FRANCAISE DU LEVANT ET PARTICIPENT AUX COMBATS OPPOSANT LES ALLIES AUX VICHYSTES. ... OU S'ARRETERA LA SOURNOISE MALEDICTION QUI POURCHASSE CE PEUPLE CONNU POUR LA BEAUTE DE SES FEMMES? LES FILS DE CHEIKH MANSOUR, DESUNIS PAR LE DESTIN, REUSSIRONT-ILS A RECOLLER LES FRAGMENTS DE LEUR FAMILLE EMIETTEE? LE COURAGE DE SETENEY, EPOUSE ET MERE EXEMPLAIRE, GUERRIERE A L'HEURE DU DANGER, SUFFIRA-T-IL A EXORCISER LE SPECTRE DE L'EXIL? SAGA HISTORIQUE BRULANTE D'ACTUALITE, LES EXILES DU CAUCASE SURVOLE DEUX SIECLE ET SIX PAYS, MET EN SCENE DES PERSONNAGES EPIQUES QUI ONT POUR NOM L'IMAM CHAMIL, LE TSAR ALEXANDRE II, LAWRENCE D'ARABIE, LE GENERAL DE GAULLE, MUSTAFA KEMAL "ATATURK", JOSEPH KESSEL, MOSHE DAYAN ... ET REND HOMMAGE AUX RESISTANTS, HEROS ANONYMES DE COMBATS AUQUELS LE MONDE ASSISTE AVEC UNE "IMBECILE INDIFFERENCE"... . THE FOLLOWING ARE EXTRACTS: "- QUE VOUS RESTE-T-IL DE CE PASSE, FINALEMENT? - ICI, AU LIBAN, IL NE RESTE DES TCHERKESSES QU'UN VAGUE SOUVENIR: ON N'IGNORE PAS QUE HOSN JIHAN, LA FEMME DE L'EMIR BACHIR II CHEHAB, FIGURE DE PROUE DE L'HISTOIRE DU LIBAN, ETAIT TCHERKESSE. ET PUIS... CERTAINS NE SONT PAS SANS SAVOIR QUE WALID JOUMBLAT - LE CHEF DES DRUZES - A DES ANCETRES TCHEERKESSES: SA GRAND-MERE, L'EPOUSE DU PRINCE CHALIB ARSLAN, ETAIT UNE TCHERKESSE DU CAUCASE, TOUT COMME D'AILLEURS LA MERE DU PRINCE CHAKIB. WALID JOUMBLAT LUI-MEME A ETE MARIE A UNE TCHERKESSE DE JORDANIE... - JE VOULAIS DIRE: QUE VOUS RESTE-T-IL DE CE PASSE? L'ETRANGER LACHA UN LONG SOUPIR. - DES TAS DE SOUVENIRS, DES IMAGES FOLLES, DES HISTOIRES QUE ME RACONTAIT MON PERE: MES ANCETRES GALOPANT DANS LES PLAINES DU CAUCASE, DEFENDANT FAROUCHEMENT LEURS TERRES CONVOITEES PAR LE TSAR, TROUVANT REFUGE DANS L'EMPIRE OTTOMAN, AFFRONTANT LA MORT DANS LES BALKANS, LUTTANT CONTRE LES FLOTS A CHYPRE, RESSUSCITANT UNE CITE DEFUNTE A L'EST DU JOURDAIN, COMBATTANT LAWRENCE D'ARABIE, CHEVAUCHANT DERRIERE UN EMIR FRANCAIS, SUBJUUANT LES DRUZES EN SYRIE, ESCORTANT LE GENERAL DE GAULLE A BEYROUTH, FUYANT L'ARMEE ISRAELIENNE DANS LE GOLAN... L'ARMEE RUSSE S'EST EMPAREE DE GROZNY, SYMBOLE DE L'INDEPENDANCE TCHETCHENE. LES COMBATS S'ETENDENT AU RESTE DU PAYS. CE N'EST PAS D'UNE DEPECHE ADRESSEE PAR LE PRINCE BARIATINSKI AU TSAR ALEXANDRE II QU'IL S'AGIT, MAIS DU TITRE D'UN JOURNAL DU SOIR QUE JE PARCOURS, CE JEUDI 19 JANVIER 1995. DES PHOTOS ILLUSTRENT L'ARTICLE: UNE COLONNE DE TANKS, IMMOBILISEE AU MILIEU D'UN DESERT DE NEIGE. DES SOLDATS RUSSES, IMBERBES, ASSIS SUR LES TOURELLES, SCRUTENT L'HORIZON AVEC DES YEUX INQUIETS. DES AMBULANCIERS RAMENENT DU FRONT DES DIZAINES DE CADAVRES. DROLE DE VICTOIRE... UN CLICHE, PRIS DANS L'AUTRE CAMP, REPRESENTE UN GUERRIER TCHETCHENE AFFUBLE DE SA TCHERKESSKA, COIFFE DE SON KALPAK, ARME D'UN KINDJAL, AGENOUILLE PRES DE SON CHEVAL, AU CENTRE D'UNE PLACE JONCHEE DE GRAVATS, ECLABOUSSEE DE SANG. RIEN N'A CHANGE. LE CAUCASE N'A PAS PRIS UNE RIDE. L'OMBRE DE CHEIKH MANSOUR PLANE TOUJOURS SUR SES ENFANTS. 'LA DERNIERE FOIS, CA A DURE UN SIECLE', CONFIE UNE VIEILLE TCHERKESSE A L'AUTEUR DU REPORTAGE. RIEN N'A CHANGE. HIER, LE TSAR, STALINE, HITLER. AUJOURD'HUI, ELTSINE. HIER, LA ROUTE DES INDES, L'ACCES A LA MER NOIRE; AUJOURD'HUI, LE PETROLE. LE MONDE ASSISTE AU SPECTACLE. 'IMBECILE INDIFFERENCE', AVAIT ECRIT MARX A ENGELS DANS UNE LETTRE DATEE DU 7 JUIN 1864. 'IMBECILE INDIFFERENCE', AURAIT-IL ECRIT A LA FIN DU XXIe.'"}
  34. LES GUERRES DU CAUCASE. DES TSARS A LA TCHETCHENIE. PATRICK KARAM ET THIBAUT MOURGUES. PARIS: PERRIN, 1995. (390 PAGES, 159 f.). {REVIEWED IN LE MONDE DIPLOMATIQUE, MARS 1996, P. 34 BY ALFONSO ARTICO: DE LA RUSSIE TSARISTE A L'INVASION DE LA TCHETCHENIE, L'HISTOIRE DE CETTE FASCINANTE MOSAIQUE D'ETHNIES, DE LANGUES ET DE RELIGIONS QU'EST LE CAUCASE SE RESUME A UNE SUCCESSION DE CONFLITS SUR FOND D'INTERETS STRATEGIQUES CONTRADICTOIRES. TERRE D'EXODES, LE CAUCASE A ENCORE VU, EN NOVEMBRE 1988, LE TERRIBLE CHASSE-CROISE DES CENTAINES DE MILLIERS D'ARMENIENS FUYANT L'AZERBAIDJAN ET D'AZERIS ABANDONNANT LES VILLAGES ARMENIENS SANS PARLER DES REFUGIES DE TCHETCHENIE. TERRE DE MYTHES (NOE, QUI VEUT DIRE REPOS EN HEBREU, S'EST ARRETE SUR LE MONT ARARAT) ET EPOPEES, LE CAUCASE EST "D'ABORD UN LIEU DE PASSAGE, UNE MARCHE ENTRE LES EMPIRES RUSSE ET TURC OU VIENNENT S'ETABLIR DE NOMBREUX PEUPLES A TOUTES LES EPOQUES, UN LIEU DE TRANSITION INDECIS ENTRE L'EUROPE ET L'ASIE QUI NE SE RAMENE A AUCUN AUTRE". DE CE FORT VOLUME QUI FRAPPE PAR SA CLARTE, LE STYLE JOURNALISTIQUE PERMET A LA FOIS LE RECIT DE VOYAGE ET L'ANALYSE POLITIQUE. A L'HEURE OU DES ENJEUX ECONOMIQUES FORMIDABLES SE NEGOCIENT AUTOUR DU PETROLE DE LA MER CASPIENNE, IL ETAIT UTILE DE RACONTER POURQUOI ET COMMENT LA RUSSIE, DEPUIS DEUX SIECLES, ETENDIT SON EMPRISE SUR LE CAUCASE. AU SIECLE DERNIER DEJA, L'ENVOYE DU TSAR N'AVAIT PAS COMPRIS QU'EN TCHETCHENE, BONJOUR SE TRADUIT PAR "SOIS LIBRE!".}
  35. LES PEUPLES DU CAUCASE ET LEUR GUERRE D'INDEPENDANCE CONTRE LA RUSSIE. FREDERIC BODENSLADT. PARIS, 1859.
  36. LES RELATIONS ENTRE LES MAMLUKS ET LES BEDOUINS D'EGYPTE [ANNALI DE L'ISTITUTO ORIENTALE DI NAPOLI, Vol. 40 (NUOVA SERIE XXX), 1980, PP. 365-95], ABDEL HAMID SALEH. {THE PROUD ARAB DID NOT TOLERATE THE RULE OF THE CIRCASSIAN AND TURKISH SLAVES!}
  37. LES RUSSES EN CIRCASSIE (1760-1864). AZIZ MEKER. BERNE, FEVRIER 1919. (129 PAGES). {THERE IS A MAP SHOWING THE ROUTES OF CIRCASSIAN EXODUS FROM THEIR LANDS AFTER THE END OF THE RUSSO-CIRCASSIAN WARS. TABLE DES MATIERES: SITUATION INTERNATIONALE DE LA CIRCASSIE - RUSE DIPLOMATIQUES DE LA RUSSIE - SITUATION INTERIEURE - CONSTITUTION SOCIALE - ETAT ECONOMIQUE DU PAYS. METHODES DE GUEERRE RUSSES - DERNIERES BATAILLES - EDIT DE PROSCRIPTION. JUIN 1864. EXODE EEN MASSE - CONDUITE DU GOUVERNEMENT RUSSE DURANT L'EXODE - POURSUITE IMPLACABLE DES CIRCASSIENS PAR LA RUSSIE MEME EN DEHORS DE L'EMPIRE RUSSE - CONCLUSION}
  38. LES SABRES DU PARADIS. LESLEY BLANCH. PARIS: LE CERCLE DU NOUVEAU LIVRE, 1963. REPRINTED BY J.-C. LATTES, 1990.  (589 PAGES). {FRENCH TRANSLATION OF THE SABRES OF PARADISE BY JEAN LAMBERT}
  39. LIFE OF SCHAMYL AND NARRATIVE OF THE CIRCASSIAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE AGAINST RUSSIA. JOHN MILTON MACKIE. BOSTON: JOHN P. JEWETT AND COMPANY, 1856. (300 PAGES).
  40. MIGRATION AND ITS EFFECTS UPON THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE OTTOMAN STATE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. KEMAL H. KARPAT. PAPER PREPARED FOR THE CONFERENCE ON THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE NEAR EAST, PRINCETON, 16-20 JUNE 1974.
  41. MUSLIM RESISTANCE TO THE TSAR: SHAMIL AND THE CONQUEST OF CHECHNIA AND DAGHESTAN. MOSHE GAMMER. LONDON: FRANK CASS, 1994; PORTLAND, OREGON: FRANK CASS & CO., LTD c/o INTERNATIONAL SPECIALIZED BOOK SERVICES, Inc. (PP. XXIII, 452. NOTES, PP. 296-433. ISBN 071463431X). {"MUCH HAS BEEN WRITTEN OVER THE YEARS ABOUT THE MUSLIM 'MURID' MOVEMENT AND ITS LEADER SHAMIL (1798?-1871), WHO RESISTED THE TSARIST RUSSIAN EXPANSION INTO CHECHAN AND DAGHESTAN FOR MORE THAN A QUARTER OF A CENTURY. THIS NEW STUDY, BASED ON PAINSTAKING RESEARCH IN MULTILINGUAL ARCHIVES, OFFERS A FRESH INSIGHT INTO A SUBJECT THAT GENERATES CONSTANT CONTROVERSY IN RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY AND HAS OFTEN BEEN MISINTERPRETED BY WESTERN SCHOLARS. ... A BORN LEADER WITHOUT BEING AN EXTREMIST, SHAMIL UNITED MANY TRIBES INTO A UNIFIED STATE AND, DESPITE THE IMBALANCE OF POWER, PROVED ADEPT AT OUTMANOEUVRING THE RUSSIANS AND TURNING THEIR MISTAKES TO HIS OWN ADVANTAGE. ... IN THE END, HOWEVER, SHAMIL HAD TO SUBMIT TO THE OVERWHELMING MIGHT OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. YET HIS MOUNTAINEERS WERE NOT RECONCILED TO RUSSIAN RULE, AND REBELLIONS CONTINUED TO BREAK OUT FOR MANY YEARS AFTER SHAMIL'S FINAL SURRENDER IN 1859. HE IS STILL REGARDED AS A HERO BY MUSLIMS IN AND FAR AWAY FROM RUSSIA TODAY." MOSHE GAMMER IS A LECTURER IN HISTORY AT TEL AVIV AND BAR ILAN UNIVERSITIES. BETWEEN 1977 AND 1983 HE WAS A MEMBER OF THE SHILOAH CENTER FOR MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN STUDIES AND PUBLISHED A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT STUDIES. HE TOOK HIS Ph.D. AT THE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. HIS RESEARCH FOR THIS BOOK TOOK HIM TO HELSINKI, PARIS AND ISTANBUL, WHERE HE CO-OPERATED WITH LOCAL SCHOLARS. THERE ARE 12 ILLUSTRATIONS AND 22 MAPS. A CHRONOLOGY IS GIVEN ON XVII-XXIII}
  42. NINETEENTH-CENTURY CIRCASSIAN SETTLEMENTS IN JORDAN [STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND ARCHEOLOGY OF JORDAN, 4, 1992, PP. 417-421], SETENEY SHAMI.
  43. OMBRES DU PASSE. SOUVENIRS D'UN OFFICIER DU CAUCASE PAR GEORGES WLASTOFF (GEORGII VLASTOV), ANCIEN COMMANDANT D'UN BATAILLON AU CAUCASE. PARIS: ARTHUS BERTRAND, EDITEUR, 1899. (252 PAGES). {"LA TRIBU LA PLUS NOMBREUSE, LA PLUS CONSIDEREE, ET QUI EST DEPUIS LONGTEMPS FIDELE A LA RUSSIE, EST LA TRIBU DES KABARDIENS, DONT LA TRADITION NOUS APPREND QUELQUES FAITS CURIEUX, INCONNUS A L'HISTOIRE: UN KABARDIEN REMARQUABLE PAR SON ESPRIT, ELEVE EN RUSSIE, ET AYANT FAIT SES ETUDES DANS UN DE NOS COLLEGES, EMPLOYA DIX ANS A RASSEMBLER LES TRADITIONS DES KABARDIENS, LES COMPARA AVEC LES FAITS HISTORIQUES ET EN TIRA DES CONCLUSIONS INCONNUES JUSQUE-LA. CE KABARDIEN SE NOMMAIT SHORA BECK MOURSIN. PAR UN MALHEUR SANS EGAL, UNE MORT SUBITE L'ENLEVA, ET TOUS SES MANUSCRITS DISPARURENT, SANS QU'ON AIT PU LES RETROUVER. NOUS NE POUVONS DONNER ICI QUE QUELQUES RECITS RECUEILLIS PAR M. GOLOWINSKI, QUI AVAIT CONNU SHORA BECK MOURSIN. ... LA SOURCE CELEBRE DE KISSLOVODSK, QUI CONTIENT DE L'ACIDE CARBONIQUE ET EST EMPLOYEE COMME UN TOXIQUE VIOLENT, ETAIT DE TOUS TEMPS CONNU SOUS LE NOM DE NARSANT. LA TRADITION DES KABARDIENS RACONTE QUE CHAQUE PRINTEMPS LEURS ANCETRES SE RASSEMBLAIENT PRES DE CETTE SOURCE POUR CELEBRER UNE FETE NATIONALE, OU ON GLORIFIAIT LES HAUTS FAITS DES PREUX. MAIS LE NOM NARSANT EST UN MOT CORROMPU, SA VERITABLE PRONONCIATION EST: NART-SANA-ANT; SANA VEUT DIRE SOURCE, EAU, ET TOUT LE MOT SE TRADUIT LITTERALEMENT PAR: SOURCE DES CHEVALIERS DES ANTES. BOULGARINE PRETEND QUE LES ANTES DEMEURAIENT AU CAUCASE DU TEMPS DES GOTHS, QUI SE DIRIGERENT AVEC LEUR CHEF ODIN, VERS LE NORD DE L'EUROPE, ET QUE PLUSIEURS NARTES OU CHEVALIERS ANTES FURENT RECUS PARMI LA HAUTE ARISTOCRATIE DES GOTHS, CONNUE SOUS LE NOM D'ASSES. ... LES KABARDIENS AVAIENT GARDE LE SOUVENIR D'ATTILA, ET SHORA BECK MOURSIN CROIT QUE LES ANTES DU BERGOUSSAN FURENT BATTUS PAR ATTILA. LA TRADITION KABARDIENNE RACONTE QU'ATTILA, OUI-VIJE (FOUET OU LANIERE DE DIEU) [c. f.  FLAGELLUM DEI] , ATTAQUA DEUX FOIS LES KABARDIENS. A LA PREMIERE ATTAQUE, IL LES DEFIT COMPLETEMENT ET LEUR FIT BEAUCOUP DE PRISONNIERS. LE RESTE DES ATTIHE (KABARDIENS) SE RETIRA DANS LES GORGES IMPENETRABLES DE L'ELBROUSS, OU ILS ELEVERENT DES FORTIFICATIONS POUR RESISTER A CE FOUET DE DIEU. ATTILA RESOLUT NEANMOINS DE S'EMPARER DE CES GORGES, ET DE FORCER LA RETRAITE DES ANTES; MAIS REPOUSSE AVEC PERTE, IL DUT SE RETIRER, ET PERDIT BEAUCOUP DE MONDE PENDANT SA RETRAITE, CAR LES NARTES OU PREUX, CONNAISSANT PARFAITEMENT LE TERRAIN, HARCELAIENT ET DETRUISAIENT LES HUNS QUI FUYAIENT A TRAVERS CE PAYS BOISE ET MONTAGNEUX. DEPUIS CE TEMPS JUSQU'A NOS JOURS, CES MONTAGNES SONT NOMMES OSHHAMAHA, C'EST-A-DIRE MONTAGNES HEUREUSES. ATTILA REPOUSSE, EMMENA AVEC LUI SES ATTIHE PRISONNIERS; QUANT A CEUX QUI SE SAUVERENT PRES DE L'ELBROUSS, ILS GARDERENT LEUR NOM DE RACE, QUOIQU'ILS SE MELERENT A D'AUTRES TRIBUS VOISINES. ... AMEDEE THIERRY RACONTE QUE DEUX FORTES TRIBUS DES HUNS, LES KOUTRIGOURES ET LES OUITIGOURES ... FIRENT ALLIANCE PENDANT LEUR MARCHE VERS LE DANUBE POUR ENGAGER LES BULGARES AVEC UNE NOMBREUSE ET PAUVRE TRIBU DES ANTES RENOMMEE POUR SA FEROCITE. CES ANTES ETAIENT LES ANCETRES DES RUSSES, ET SI LES KABARDIENS SONT DE LA MEME SOUCHE, IL EST PROBABLE QUE LEUR LANGUE (DU RESTE PEU CONNUE) DOIT GARDER DES MOTS DONT LA RACINE POURRA ETRE RETROUVEE DANS LES IDIOMES SLAVES. ... EN 562 LES AVARES RENCONTRERENT SUR LE DNIEPER LES ANTES, TUERENT, EN DEPIT DU DROIT DES GENS, L'ENVOYE DES ANTES MESEMIRE, ET BATTIRENT LES ANTES. BIENTOT APRES L'EMPEREUR JUSTINIEN ETANT MORT, LE KHAN-KHAN DES AVARES, BAIAN, FIT TREMBLER SES VOISINS, ET BYZANCE MEME, QU'UN EMPEREUR COMME JUSTIN II NE SUT FAIRE RESPECTER. ... IL EST CURIEUX QUE LA TRADITION KABARDIENNE NOUS DEPEIGNE BAIAN SOUS LES MEMES TRAITS QUE L'HISTOIRE: FEROCE, CRUEL, MANQUANT A SA PAROLE ET A LA FOI JUREE. LA TRADITION ADIGUE NOUS RACONTE QUE LE FEROCE BAIKAN OU BAIAN DEFIT PLUSIEURS FOIS LES ATTIHE CAUCASIENS, MAIS NE PUT PARVENIR A LES SOUMETTRE. ALORS BAIAN EUT RECOURS A LA RUSE; IL ATTIRA CHEZ LUI LES NARTES LES PLUS ANCIENS ET LES PLUS CELEBRES, SOUS PRETEXTE DE DEBATTRE AVEC EUX LES CONDITIONS DE LA PAIX, QU'IL OFFRAIT AUX ANTES, ET LES FIT TOUS MASSACRER PENDANT LES POURPARLERS. LE PEUPLE ATTIHE, TERRIFIE PAR CE MANQUE DE FOI, DEMANDA VENGEANCE A GRANDS CRIS. VOICI UNE PRIERE QUE LA MEMOIRE DU PEUPLE CONSERVE JUSQU'A NOS JOURS: SAINT ELIE, TUE DE TES FOUDRES, LE KHAN AVARE BAIHAN, SUR SON CHEVAL BLANC. CETTE PRIERE PROUVE QUE LES ANTES CAUCASIENS ETAIENT CHRETIENS: ILS DURENT EMBRASSER LE CHRISTIANISME PAR SUITE DE L'INFLUENCE DES ALAINS LEURS VOISINS, QUI FURENT CHRETIENS DEPUIS LE IVe SIECLE. ... EN 1020, MSTISLAFF LE BRAVE (OUDALY), FILS DU GRAND-DUC WLADIMIR, S'ETANT EMPARE DE TMOUTARAKAN (LA TAMAN D'AUJOURD'HUI), GUERROYA CONTRE LES KOSSOGUES (CIRCASSIENS), ET AYANT TUE LEUR CHEF REDEDIA EN COMBAT PARTICULIER, LES DEFIT COMPLETEMENT. CE FAIT, CONSIGNE DANS L'HISTOIRE, SE CONSERVE JUSQU'A NOS JOURS DANS LES TRADITIONS KABARDIENNES. LA LEGENDE DIT QUE LE PUISSANT NARTE DES ATTIHE (KABARDIENS) REDAD, AYANT FORCE MSTISLAFF A SE REFUGIER DANS UN MARAIS, CE DERNIER VENDIT SON AME AU DEMON AU PRIX D'UNE VICTOIRE. LE DEMON LUI CONSEILLA D'APPELER REDAD EN COMBAT PARTICULIER: REDAD N'AYANT JAMAIS ETE VAINCU, ACCEPTA LE DEFI, ET FUT TERRASSE PAR MSTISLAFF QUE LE DEMON AIDAIT. ALORS MSTISLAFF, APRES AVOIR VAINCU LES KOSSOGUES, BATTIT LES OSSES OU ASSES ET FONDA LA PRINCIPAUTE DE TMOUTARAKAN, QUI EXISTE COMME ETAT INDEPENDANT DANS LA FAMILLE DE MSTISLAFF JUSQU'A L'INVASION DES MONGOLS. CE FURENT LES KOSSOGUES OU ATTIHE QUI DETRUISIRENT CETTE PRINCIPAUTE, VENGEANT AINSI LEUR PUISSANT NARTE REDAD. ... MAIS LA PUISSANCE DES ATTIHE TOUCHAIT A SA FIN, BIENTOT MEME CE NOM NATIONAL FUT CHANGE, ET NE SURVECUT QUE COMME CELUI D'UNE RACE HUMAINE ET D'UNE IDIOME PARTICULIER. AU COMMENCEMENT DU XIIIe SIECLE LES TARTARES S'ETABLIRENT EN CRIMEE; ILS FURENT LES ENNEMIS REDOUTABLES DES KOSSOGUES. CES DERNIERS, BATTUS PLUSIEURS FOIS PAR LEUR VOISINS, DURENT SE RETIRER DANS LES DEFILES IMPENETRABLES DU VERSANT SEPTENTRIONAL DE LA CHAINE CAUCASIENNE, LEUR REFUGE ORDINAIRE EN CAS DE MALHEUR. LES KOSSOGUES OU ATTIHE S'ETANT EMPARES DES DEFILES OU ILS SE DEFENDAIENT AVEC SUCCES, ET FIERS DE LEURS POSITIONS INEXPUGNABLES, PRIRENT, DIT SHORA BECK MOURSIN, LE SURNOM DE KOBBERDIENS (D'OU L'ON A FAIT KABARDIENS), CE QUI SIGNIFIE HABITANTS DES DEFILES. CE SURNOM DEVINT UN NOM DE PEUPLE. ... APRES TIMOUR LES KABARDIENS, PROFITANT DE LA DEFAITE DE TOHTAMISH, ETENDENT LEUR POUVOIR JUSQU'A LA MER CASPIENNE, S'ALLIENT AUX SHAMHALS, REMPORTENT DE GRANDES VICTOIRES SUR LES TARTARES DE LA CRIMEE, ET ENFIN SONT A LEUR TOUR COMRIMES PAR LA PUISSANCE ENVAHISSANTE DE LA TURQUIE. EN 1554, APRES LA PRISE D'ASTRAKAN PAR JEAN IV, LES KABARDIENS, COMME CORELIGIONNAIRES DES RUSSES, DEMANDENT A JEAN DES SECOURS CONTRE LES TURCS, ET CELUI-CI ENVOYA L'OKOLNITSHY DANIEL ADASHEFF, POUR FAIRE EN CRIMEE UNE DESCENTE, QUE FAVORISERAIENT LES KABARDIENS EN ATTIRANT AILLEURS LES TROUPES TARTARES. EN 1560, JEAN IV SE MARIA A UNE KABARDIENNE, MARIE, FILLE D'UNE PRINCE TEMRUK. DEPUIS JEAN JUSQU'A PIERRE LE GRAND, LES KABARDIENS N'EURENT AUCUN RAPPORT AVEC LA RUSSIE, MAIS SOUS CATHERINE II, APRES LA CHUTE DU POUVOIR DES TARTARES DE LA CRIMEE, TOUT LE NORD-OUEST DU CAUCASE, LA KABARDIE COMPRISE, FUT ANNEXE A LA RUSSIE."}
  44. ORIGINES DES CIRCASSIENS. AYTEK NAMITOK.  PARIS: P. GEUTHNER, 1939. / SOAS. {PROFESSOR NAMITOK (1892-1963) WAS BORN IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS. HE PUBLISHED MANY BOOKS AND ARTICLES ON CIRCASSIAN LANGUAGE AND HISTORY. THIS BOOK HAS MANY REFERENCES}
  45. OTTOMAN COLONIZATION OF THE CIRCASSIANS IN RUMILI AFTER THE CRIMEAN WAR [ETUDES BALKANIQUES (SOFIA), 8e ANNEE, No. 3, 1972, PP. 71-85}, MARC PINSON.
  46. OTTOMAN IMMIGRATION POLITICS AND SETTLEMENT IN PALESTINE. KAMAL H. KARPAT. IN SETTLER REGIMES IN AFRICA AND THE ARAB WORLD. I. ABU-LUGHOD, B. ABU-LABAN (Eds.). THE MEDINA UNIVERSITY PRESS INTERNATIONAL, 1974.
  47. OTTOMAN IMPERIALISM DURING THE REFORMATION: EUROPE AND THE CAUCASUS. CARL MAX KORTEPETER. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATION / NEW YORK UNIVERSITY; 5. NEW YORK: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1972. (XIX, 278 PAGES. ISBN 0-8147-4552-0)
  48. PAPERS RESPECTING THE SETTLEMENT OF CIRCASSIAN EMIGRANTS IN TURKEY. GREAT BRITAIN. SESSIONAL PAPERS 1864, Vol. 63, P. 579, 1864.
  49. PIONEERS OVER JORDAN. R. ABUJABER. LONDON: I. B. TAURIS, 1989.
  50. POPULATION MOVEMENT IN THE OTTOMAN STATE AND MODERNIZATION: THE BULGARIAN AND CIRCASSIAN MIGRATIONS 1857-1880. KEMAL H. KARPAT. PAPER PRESENTED TO THE 5th NATIONAL CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SLAVIC STUDIES, DALLAS, 15-18 MARCH, 1972.
  51. RUSSIA AND THE CAUCASUS THROUGH THE BEGINNING OF THE 19th CENTURY. MICHAEL KHODARKOVSKY. PAPER PRESENTED AT THE CAUCASUS CONFERENCE 1996: THE PAST AS PRELUDE: CULTURAL, HISTORICAL, AND POLITICAL ROOTS OF IDENTITY IN THE CAUCASUS HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY ON MAY 17th, 1996. {THE AUTHOR IS AT LOYOLA UNIVERSITY}
  52. RUSSIAN EXPANSION INTO THE CAUCASUS AND THE BRITISH RELATIONSHIP THERETO. NORMAN LUXEMBURG. UNPUBLISHED Ph.D. THESIS, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, 1956.
  53. RUSSIAN EXPULSION OF MOUNTAINEERS FROM THE CAUCASUS, 1856-66, AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND - DEMOGRAPHIC WARFARE - AN ASPECT OF OTTOMAN AND RUSSIAN POLICIES, 1854-66. MARC PINSON. UNPUBLISHED Ph.D. THESIS, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, 1970.
  54. RUSSIAN PENETRATION OF THE CAUCASUS. FIRUZ KAZEMZADEH. IN RUSSIAN IMPERIALISM: FROM IVAN THE GREAT TO THE REVOLUTION. TARAS HUNCZAK (Ed.). NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY: RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1974.
  55. RUSSIAN STRATEGIES IN THE CONQUEST OF CHECHNIA AND DAGHESTAN, 1825-59. MOSHE GAMMER. PP. 45-61 IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS BARRIER. MARIE BENNIGSEN-BROXUP (Ed.). LONDON: HURST & CO., 1992.
  56. RUSSIA'S CONQUEST AND PACIFICATION OF THE CAUCASUS: RELOCATION BECOMES A POGROM IN THE POST-CRIMEAN WAR PERIOD [NATIONALITIES PAPERS (ISSN 0090-5992), Vol. 23, No. 4, 1995, PP. 675-86], WILLIS BROOKS.
  57. SOME ACCOUNT OF DAVID URQUHART. GERTRUDE ROBINSON. OXFORD, 1921.
  58. THE CAUCASUS: ARCHIVES OF THE CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION 1802-1862. G. L. BONDAREVSKY. NORMAN ROSS, 1996.
  59. THE CENTENNIAL OF THE CAPTURE OF SHAMIL: A SHAMIL BIBLIOGRAPHY [CAUCASIAN REVIEW, MUNICH (CRM), No. 8, 1959, PP. 83-91, 101-2], T. TATLOK.
  60. THE CHANGING CONDITIONS THAT AFFECTED THE ROLE OF THE CIRCASSIANS IN JORDAN FROM 1878-1921 AND FROM 1948-1980. AHMAD A. AL-KHALIL. SUBMITTED TO THE BACCALAUREATE SCHOOL, AMMAN, IN PART FULFILMENT OF HISTORY REQUIREMENTS, 1997. (17 PAGES). / MY COLLECTION. {DISCUSSES CIRCASSIAN IMMIGRATION TO, AND SETTLEMENT IN, JORDAN. THEIR ROLE IN ESTABLISHING THE KINGDOM IS ALSO HIGH-LIGHTED}
  61. THE CIRCASSIAN HISTORY. RAMAZAN TRAHO.
  62. THE CIRCASSIANS IN THE MAMLUK KINGDOM. DAVID AYALON. IN THE MAMLUK RACES, A CHAPTER FROM A WORK ON THE MAMLUK ARMY. {EXTRACTS FROM THIS PAPER CAN BE FOUND IN THE HISTORY SECTION OF THIS SITE UNDER THE SAME TITLE} GO TO 'CIRCASSIANS IN THE MAMLUK KINGDOM' ARTICLE. {REPRINT OF FOLLOWING ARTICLE}
  63. THE EXPEDITION OF THE CHESAPEAK TO CIRCASSIA. LONDON: FREE PRESS OFFICE, 1864.
  64. THE FALL OF CIRCASSIA: A STUDY IN PRIVATE DIPLOMACY [ENGLISH HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXXI, JULY, 1956, PP. 401-27], PETER BROCK.
  65. THE FATE OF THE MUSLIMS. JUSTIN McCARTHY. {THIS WORK FILLS A SERIOUS GAP IN MODERN HISTORIOGRAPHY, WHICH HAS LARGELY IGNORED THE CIRCASSIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE AND GIVEN LESS ATTENTION TO THE MASS MIGRATION WHICH CAME IN THE WAKE OF THE RUSSIAN OCCUPATION OF CIRCASSIAN LANDS. THIS GREAT EXODUS WAS THE FIRST OF THE VIOLENT MASS TRANSFERS OF POPULATION WHICH THIS PART OF THE WORLD HAS SUFFERED IN MODERN TIMES}
  66. THE MEDIEVAL NEAR EAST: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY. ELIYAHU ASHTOR. LONDON: VARIORUM, 1978. {REVIEWED BY P. M. HOLT IN BULLETIN OF THE SCOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES (BSOAS), Vol. 42, 1979, P. 414}
  67. THE MIDDLE EAST: A HISTORY. SYDNEY NETTLETON FISHER. NEW YORK: ALFRED A. KNOPF, 1960.
  68. THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA IN WORLD POLITICS: A DOCUMENTARY RECORD, Vol. I, EUROPEAN EXPANSION, 1533-1914. J. C. HUREWITZ (Ed.). NEW HAVEN, 1975, 2nd Ed. {DOCUMENT No. 32, PP. 92-101 IS THE TEXT OF THE PEACE TREATY OF KUCUK KAYNARCA}
  69. THE MODERN HISTORY OF JORDAN. KAMAL SALIBI. LONDON: I. B. TAURIS, 1993.
  70. THE NORTH CAUCASUS BARRIER: THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TOWARDS THE MUSLIM WORLD. MARIE BENNIGSEN-BROXUP (Ed.). LONDON: C. HURST & CO.; NEW YORK: St. MARTIN'S PRESS, 1992. 2nd IMPRESSION 1996. (XVII, 252 PAGES. 23 cm. ISBN 1850650691. AVAILABLE FROM ZORA BOOKS . PRICE: 14.94 POUNDS STERLING). {CONTENTS: PREFACE; INTRODUCTION: RUSSIA AND THE NORTH CAUCASUS; COOPTATION OF THE ELITES OF KABARDA AND DAGHESTAN IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY; RUSSIAN STRATEGIES IN THE CONQUEST OF CHECHNIA AND DAGHESTAN, 1825-1859; CIRCASSIAN RESISTANCE TO RUSSIA, PAUL B. HENZE (62-112); THE LAST GHAZAWAT: THE 1920-1921 UPRISING; THE CHECHENS AND THE INGUSH DURING THE SOVIET PERIOD AND ITS ANTECEDENTS; INTERNATIONALISM, NATIONALISM AND ISLAM BEFORE 1990; AFTER THE PUTSCH, 1991. "IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE SUFFERED TWO MILITARY AND POLITICAL DEFEATS IN THE EAST: IN MANCHURIA IN 1905, INFLICTED BY THE JAPANESE, AND IN AFGHANISTAN IN 1989, AT THE HANDS OF THE AFGHAN MUJAHIDIN. BOTH DEBACLES PRECEDED MAJOR INTERNAL UPHEAVALS AND REVOLUTIONS WHICH MARKED THE END OF AN IMPERIAL TRADITION AND OF AN ERA - THE TSARIST EMPIRE OF THE ROMANOVS IN THE FIRST CASE, THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS IN THE SECOND. HOWEVER, ONE MULTINATIONAL EMPIRE REMAINS, ALBEIT A MUCH REDUCED ONE - THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION LED BY PRESIDENT BORIS YELTSIN. ... THIS BOOK DEALS WITH THE HISTORY OF THE MUSLIM NORTH CAUCASUS, ONE OF THE REMAINING AND MOST REBELLIOUS COLONIAL DOMINIONS LEFT TO RUSSIA. THE WRITINGS PRESENTED HERE COVER A SPAN OF FOUR CENTURIES, INCLUDING IVAN THE TERRIBLE'S STRATEGIC ALLIANCE WITH CIRCASSIAN NOBLEMEN, THE HOLY WARS AND CONQUEST OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, THE 1917 OCTOBER REVOLUTION, THROUGH TO THE PRESENT CRISIS TO CHECHNIA AND INGUSHETIA WHICH MAY WELL PRESAGE THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AS WE KNOW IT. IT IS ARGUED THAT THE NORTH CAUCASUS, REPEATEDLY CONQUERED BUT NEVER SUBDUED, HAS PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN SHAPING RUSSIAN COLONIAL POLICY AND MISTRUST OF ISLAM, WHICH HAS BEEN A POWERFUL INSPIRATION TO THE RESISTANCE OF THE NORTH CAUCASIAN MOUNTAINEERS TO RUSSIAN RULE. THE BOOK WILL BE INDISPENSABLE FOR UNDERSTANDING THE FUTURE OF ETHNIC RELATIONS AND NATIONAL POLITICS IN RUSSIA." THERE ARE MAPS, A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE ON SELECTED WORKS PUBLISHED IN RECENT DECADES IN WESTERN EUROPEAN LANGUAGES, AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES. MARIE BENNIGSEN-BROXUP IS EDITOR OF CENTRAL ASIAN SURVEY AND DIRECTOR OF THE SOCIETY FOR CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES, LONDON. CLICK HERE FOR REVIEWS: "AN INTELLIGENT, WELL EDITED AND MUCH NEDED VOLUME" - D. RAYFIELD, EUROPE ASIA STUDIES; "SHOULLD QUICKLY BECOME OBLIGATORY READING FOR ALL WESTERN FOREIGN MINISTRY AND MEDIA EMPLOYEES INVOLVED IN FORMING OR WRITING ABOUT POLICY TOWARDS THE FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS" - BRIAN GEORGE HEWITT, CENTRAL ASIAN SURVEY. REFER TO D[ANIEL] MULLER'S PIECE IN ZEITSCHRIFT FUR TURKEISTUDIEN, Vol. 7, 1994, PP. 149-51}
  71. THE NORTH CAUCASUS: RUSSIA'S LONG STRUGGLE TO SUBDUE THE CIRCASSIANS. PAUL B. HENZE. A RAND REPORT (DOCUMENT NUMBER P-7666), 1990. (V, 57 PAGES. ISBN 0833017993. PRICE: $7.50). {ABSTRACT: ALL ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE FRAGMENTING SOVIET EMPIRE, INCLUDING THE RUSSIANS THEMSELVES, ARE RE-EXAMINING THEIR HISTORY AND DRAWING CONCLUSIONS FROM IT THAT CONTRAST SHARPLY WITH VIEWS THAT HAVE BEEN IMPOSED UPON THEM BY COMMUNIST DOGMA. FEW AREAS HAVE AS RICH A HISTORY AS THE NORTH CAUCASUS, WHERE RUSSIAN ARMIES FOUGHT FROM THE 1830s INTO THE 1860s TO SUBDUE THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES. THIS PAPER EXPLORES A NEGLECTED ASPECT OF RUSSIA'S PROLONGED CAUCASIAN WARS: THE EFFORT TO CONQUER THE CIRCASSIANS AND THEIR STUBBORN RESISTANCE WHICH CULMINATED IN EMIGRATION EN MASSE WHEN THEY WERE FINALLY DEFEATED. THE LONG STRUGGLE OF THE NORTH CAUCASIAN MOUNTAINEERS AGAINST RUSSIA IN THE MID-19th CENTURY ATTRACTED BROAD EUROPEAN SYMPATHY AND ADMIRATION. HISTORIANS DESCRIBE THE STRUGGLE PRIMARILY IN TERMS OF THE LEADERSHIP AND PERSONALITY OF THE IMAM SHAMIL. THE RECENT RESURGENCE OF ISLAM AS A DYNAMIC POLITICAL FORCE IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD HAS GENERATED NEW INTEREST IN SHAMIL'S RELIGIOUS MOTIVATION AND LEADERSHIP TECHNIQUES.}
  72. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND ITS SUCCESSORS, 1801-1927. WILLIAM MILLER. CAMBRIDGE: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1927.
  73. THE OTTOMAN SLAVE TRADE AND ITS SUPPRESSION, 1840-1890. EHUD R. TOLEDANO. PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY: PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1982. (307 PAGES). {CHAPTER 5: CIRCASSIAN SLAVERY AND SLAVE TRADE - AN OTTOMAN SOLUTION,  PP. 148-91}
  74. THE RUGGED FLANKS OF THE CAUCASUS. JOHN F. BADDELEY. LONDON: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, HUMPHREY MILFORD, 1940. OXFORD, 1941. REPRINTED, NEW YORK: ARNO PRESS, 1973.  REPRINT Ed. AYER. TWO VOLUMES. {MOST ESSENTIAL FOR HISTORIC RESEARCH ON RUSSO-CAUCASIAN WARS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. THERE IS A BIBLIOGRAPHY THAT INCLUDES HISTORICAL MATERIAL FROM CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY}
  75. THE RUSSIAN CONQUEST OF THE CAUCASUS. JOHN FREDERICK BADDELEY. LONDON: LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., 1908.  NEW YORK: RUSSELL & RUSSELL, 1969. REPRINTED BY CURZON PRESS, PAUL & CO. PUBLISHERS, 1997, WITH A NEW PREFACE BY MOSHE GAMMER. (518 PAGES. NEW REPRINT: 660 PAGES. HARDBACK. ISBN 0 7007 0634 8. PRICE: 65 POUNDS STERLING). {COVERS ONLY TO 1859. THIS HAS BECOME THE STANDARD WORK ON (THE EASTERN FRONT OF) THE RUSSIAN-CAUCASIAN WAR. ILLUSTRATED}
  76. THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1801-1917. HUGH SETON-WATSON. OXFORD PRESS, 1967.
  77. THE SABRES OF PARADISE. LESLEY BLANCH. LONDON: JOHN MURRAY; NEW YORK: CARROLL & GRAF, THE VIKING PRESS,  Inc., 1960. REPRINTED: QUARTET BOOKS, LONDON, 1978. (PP. XII, 495). {"ALTHOUGH OCCASIONALLY EMBROIDERED WITH ROMANTICISM, THIS WORK CONVEYS VERY WELL THE DRAMATIC NATURE OF THE CONFRONTATION AND THE WAYS IN WHICH THE CONFLICT WAS PERCEIVED BOTH FROM THE RUSSIAN AND DAGHESTANI/CHECHEN POINTS OF VIEW." "SHAMYL, IMAM OF DAGHESTAN LIVED BETWEEN 1796-1871. ALTHOUGH HE IS NOT MUCH REMEMBERED IN THE WEST TODAY, IN HIS TIME HE CAPTURED THE WEST'S IMAGINATION; HIS BRAVERY WAS INFECTIOUS AND WHILE ENGLISH LADIES SEWED BUNTING FOR HIS FLAG, QUESTIONS ABOUT BRITAIN'S COMMITMENTS IN THE CAUCASUS WERE ASKED IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. LESLEY BLANCH'S VERY LIVELY BIOGRAPHY OF SHAMYL IS EXTREMELY READABLE." THERE IS A FRENCH TRANSLATION LES SABRES DU PARADIS}
  78. THE SLAVE TRADE OF EASTERN AFRICA. R. W. BEACHY. NEW YORK, 1976. / UNI. MAN. {DETAILED ACCOUNT OF CIRCASSIAN SLAVE TRADE IN TURKEY AND EGYPT}
  79. THE SLAVE TRADE OF EASTERN AFRICA. A COLLECTION OF DOCUMENTS. R. W. BEACHY. / UNI. MAN. {IN PP. 77-79 ACCOUNT OF THE GLUT OF CIRCASSIAN FEMALE SLAVES IN TURKEY ON THE EVE OF THE RUSSIAN CONQUEST OF THE CAUCASUS}
  80. THE STATUS OF THE MUSLIM UNDER EUROPEAN RULE: THE EVICTION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE CERKES [JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF MUSLIM MINORITY AFFAIRS (JIMMA), JEDDAH, 1.2 - 2.1, 1979-1980, PP. 7-27], KEMAL H. KARPAT.
  81. TRANSJORDAN: 1914-1939. N. ZACHAI. Ph.D. DISSERTATION, NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, 1945.
  82. TWILIGHT ON THE CAUCASUS: TRIUMPH AND TRAGEDY OF IMAM SHAMYL, LION OF DAGHESTAN. S. Z. AHMAD. PROFESSIONAL PRESS, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 1997.
  83. YET ANOTHER REWRITE OF THE HISTORY OF THE CAUCASIAN WAR? [RADIO LIBERTY RESEARCH, RL 39/84, 30 JANUARY 1984], ANNE SHEEHY.
 
Politics
  1. CIRCASSIAN RE-EMIGRATION TO THE CAUCASUS, AND THE ADOPTION OF THE 'AMERICAN-JEWRY MODEL' AMONG THE CIRCASSIANS IN ISRAEL. CHEN BRAM. PAPER PRESENTED AT CONFERENCE ON IMMIGRATION, LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND PATTERNS OF SOCIAL INTEGRATION, HEBREW UNIVERSITY, JUNE 1994.
  2. ETHNIC GROUPS AND THE STATE. PAUL BRASS (Ed.), 1985. {"ETHNIC GROUPS CANNOT BE DEFINED AS INTEREST GROUPS FOR THREE REASONS: 1- ETHNIC GROUPS HAVE A CULTURAL AND SYMBOLIC BASIS OF INTERACTION AND ARE CONCERNED WITH VALUES AND ISSUES OF SELF-DEFINITION THAT DISTINGUISH THEM FROM OTHER TYPES OF INTEREST ASSOCIATIONS. 2- INTEREST ASSUMES FORMAL ORGANIZATION OF ETHNIC GROUP, WHICH NEGLECTS INTER-COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION. 3- INTEREST GROUP ANALYSIS PAYS NO ATTENTION TO POTENTIAL GROUPS THAT MAY OR MAY NOT DEVELOP INTERNAL ORGANIZATION AND/OR ENTER THE POLITICAL ARENA AS INTEREST GROUPS IN FUTURE."}
  3. JORDAN: A POLITICAL STUDY 1948-1957. A. H. H. ABIDI. ASIA PUBLISHING HOUSE, 1965.
  4. JORDAN: A STATE OF TENSION. BENJAMIN SHWADRAN. NEW YORK: COUNCIL FOR MIDDLE EASTERN AFFAIRS PRESS, 1959.
  5. JORDAN: A STUDY IN POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT (1921-1965). NASEER H. ARURI. THE HAGUE, 1972. {VERY INTERESTING. MENTION OF GENERAL FAWAZ MAHER (BIRMAMIT)}
  6. NATIONALISM IN JORDAN [CURRENT HISTORY, Vol. 36, FEBRUARY 1959, PP. 77-80], RAPHAEL PATAI.
  7. POLITICS AND THE MILITARY IN JORDAN: A STUDY OF THE ARAB LEGION, 1921-1957. P. J. VATIKIOTIS. NEW YORK: PRAEGER, 1967.
  8. THE LEGISLATION OF THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN: A STUDY IN POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT [THE MUSLIM WORLD, 59, No. 3 & 4, JULY, OCTOBER, 1969].
  9. THE NATIONAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION OF THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN. Dr. HUSSEIN OMAR TOGA. Ph.D. DISSERTATION, FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, JUNE, 1983.
  10. THE POLITICAL CONFRONTATION OF SUMMER 1924 IN TRANSJORDAN [MIDDLE EAST STUDIES, 12, No. 2, MAY 1976, PP. 159-168], U. DANN.
Sociology, Art and Culture
  1. AMMAN: THE CITY AND ITS SOCIETY. JEAN HANNOYER AND SETENEY SHAMI (Eds.). BEIRUT: CERWOC PUBLICATIONS, 1996.
  2. ANALYSIS OF THE POPULATION STATISTICS OF JORDAN. DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH SECTION, JORDAN. DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS PRESS, 1966.
  3. ARCHITECTURE IN EGYPT, SYRIA, AND ARABIA UNDER THE CIRCASSIAN MAMLUKS (1389-1517). Pt. I, 7 IN THE ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF ISLAM 1250-1800. SHEILA S. BLAIR AND JONATHAN M. BLOOM. NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT: YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1994. (ISBN 0300058888)
  4. A STUDY OF THE CIRCASSIAN CULTURE AS REFLECTED IN LITERATURE AND ORAL HISTORY. A DISSERTATION PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION OF RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY BY KHAIREDDIN VAROQUA IN PART FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF EDUCATION. NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY, FEB., 1981.
  5. CHERKESS CULTURAL LIFE [CAUCASIAN REVIEW, Vol. 2, 1956, PP. 85-104], R. ADIGHE (PSEUD. TRAKHO).
  6. CHRISTIANS AND CIRCASSIANS. IN WASTA: THE HIDDEN FORCE IN MIDDLE EASTERN SOCIETY. ROBERT B. CUNNINGHAM AND YASIN K. SARAYRAH. WESTPORT, CONNECTICUT: PRAEGER PUBLISHERS, 1993. {"Wasta" or mediation by a third party is traditional practice in most transactions in Middle Eastern societies. Senior members of the extended family intercede on behalf of younger or less privileged members in making arrangements for employment, overseas travel, business partnerships, university admissions, bank loans, marriages, and most other out-of-the-ordinary forms of negotiation. This book describes wasta's tribal foundation, its evolution in developing bureaucracies, and its present-day practice. The authors use Jordan as an example to illustrate the challenges of doing business with public organizations in Arab countries, where kinship, ethnicity, religion, locale, and class render some individuals more privileged than others. ... Some wasta practices are legal and moral within a cultural context, resembling the services provided by attorneys, real estate brokers, and accountants in the West. Other wasta acts are illegal or questionable, but are mandated by family members in a traditional web of inter-connecting obligations. After describing wasta, the authors show how it functions to allocate scarce resources and obtain peace and justice in a desert environment. They then show how it has changed to adapt to modern governmental and bureaucratic situations in which special skills are required to deal with new and complicated rules and procedures. Settings where wasta may be observed in action are described in detail, such as the customs office, the university, government ministries, and local businesses. Personal profiles and family situations lend color to the sociological and political analyses of wasta as it is shown in both its empowering and restrictive aspects. To summarize the impact of wasta, the authors use common theory to explain why persons turn public resources to private benefit, spreading the costs over the entire community and supporting the view that wasta can have a negative effect on economic development. The authors present a solution by suggesting that wastas themselves be enlisted in alleviating the social ills created by overdependence on the wasta system, and that past Arab and Islamic traditions should be explored for answers to modern problems.}
  7. CIRCASSIAN CUSTOMS. MOUSTAFA CHARKAS. AMMAN, 1958. (108 PAGES). {ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF ARABIC ORIGINAL}
  8. CIRCASSIAN ISRAELIS: MULTILINGUALISM AS A WAY OF LIFE [LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND CURRICULUM, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1995, PP. 149-162], ISABELLE KREINDLER, MARSHA BENSOUSSAN, ELEANOR AVINOR AND CHEN BRAM. / MY COLLECTION. {"THE CIRCASSIAN COMMUNITY IN ISRAEL, THOUGH ONE OF THE SMALLEST IN THE DIASPORA (ABOUT 3,000), IS ONE OF THE MOST SUCCESSFUL IN PRESERVING ITS NATIONAL IDENTITY AND LANGUAGE, WHILE AT THE SAME TIME INTEGRATING INTO ISRAELI LIFE. ... WE HAVE RECENTLY LAUNCHED A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY STUDY OF THIS UNIQUE COMMUNITY IN ISRAEL, WHICH WE HOPE WILL BECOME PART OF A BROADER STUDY OF CIRCASSIAN COMMUNITIES BOTH IN THE DIASPORA (TURKEY, SYRIA, JORDAN, GERMANY AND OTHER COUNTRIES) AND IN THE CAUCASIAN HOMELAND. OUR TEAM CONSISTS OF AN ANTHROPOLOGIST, APPLIED LINGUIST, SOCIOLINGUIST, AND A HISTORIAN. ... THIS WORK, THE FIRST IN A PLANNED SERIES, PRESENTS GENERAL BACKGROUND ON THE ISRAELI CIRCASSIANS AND THEN FOCUSES ON OUR RECENTLY COMPLETED STUDY OF CIRCASSIAN PUPILS IN KFAR KAMA, THE LARGER OF THE TWO CIRCASSIAN VILLAGES IN ISRAEL. ... THE CIRCASSIANS CAME TO ISRAEL IN SERVICE TO THE SULTAN IN THE LATE 19th CENTURY. THEIR TWO SURVIVING VILLAGES, REIKHANIA AND KFAR KAMA WERE FOUNDED IN THE 1870s. ... TODAY (1995), THE MAJORITY -- ABOUT 2,000 -- LIVE IN KFAR KAMA; FEWERR THAN 800 LIVE IN REIKHANIA AND A SCORE OF FAMILIES LIVE IN VARIOUS ISRAELI CITIES AND TOWNS NEAR THEIR JOBS." HAS MORE THAN 30 REFERENCES. REFER TO THE RELATED ARTICLE MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION OF ISRAELI CIRCASSIANS BELOW}
  9. CULTURAL FACTORS IN THE SELECTION OF MARRIAGE MATES [AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW, 15, 1950], B. A. HOLLINGSHEAD.
  10. EXTERNAL APPEARANCE AS A FACTOR IN ETHNIC IDENTIFICATION [SOVIET SOCIOLOGY, Vol. XVI, No. 3, 1977-8, PP. 35-48].
  11. HISTORY AND TRIBES OF JORDAN. F. G. PEAKE. UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI PRESS, 1958.
  12. JORDANIAN CIRCASSIANS HANG ON TO THEIR TRADITIONS. JORDAN TIMES, 13 MAY 1978, P. 2.
  13. JORDAN: ITS PEOPLE, ITS SOCIETY, ITS CULTURE. GEORGE L. HARRIS. NEW YORK: GROVE PRESS, Inc., 1958.
  14. L'ART DU CAUCASE. JEAN MOURIER. BRUXELLES: BULENS, 1912. / UNI. MAN.
  15. LE DROIT COUTUMIER FAMILIAL DES MONTAGNARDS DU CAUCASE ET DES TCHERKESSES EN PARTICULIER [REVUE DES ETUDES ISLAMIQUES, 3, 1929, PP. 245-75], JOSEPH CASTAGNE. {VERY INTERESTING VIEW OF CIRCASSIAN CUSTOMS TOWARDS THE END OF XIX AND BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY. MANY  OLD REFERENCES. "AN ADIGHA PROVERB: 'LE COEUR D'UNE MARATRE EST PLUS FROID QUE LA NEIGE DE LA MONTAGNE.' (THE HEART OF A MOTHER-IN-LAW IS COLDER THAN THE MOUNTAIN SNOW)."}
  16. MAMLUK JERUSALEM: AN ARCHITECTURAL STUDY. MICHAEL BURGOYNE AND DONALD S. RICHARDS. LONDON, 1987.
  17. MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY IN CAUCASIA: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF NORTH CAUCASIAN ETHNOLOGY AND CUSTOMARY LAW. LEWIS J. LUZBETAK. STUDIA INSTITUTI ANTHROPOS, Vol. 3, VIENNA-MODLING, 1951. {CHAPTER I: 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES. PP. 24-26 LITERATURE OF ANTIQUITY. PP. 208-234 BIBLIOGRAPHY}
  18. MINORITIES: THE CIRCASSIANS [MIDDLE EAST FORUM 37.2, DECEMBER 1961, PP. 26-33], GEORGE H. WEIGHTMAN. / MY COLLECTION. {ACCOUNT OF THE CIRCASSIANS IN JORDAN}
  19. MODERN AMMAN: A SOCIAL STUDY. J. HACKER. DURHAM COLLEGE, 1959.
  20. MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION OF ISRAELI CIRCASSIANS. E. AVINOR, M. BENSOUSSAN, I. KREINDLER, A. PURISMAN AND F. FURMAN. THE UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA. / MY COLLECTION. {PUBLICATION INFORMATION NOT AVAILABLE TO ME. PAPER SENT TO ME BY Dr. BENSOUSSAN. "THE CIRCASSIAN COMMUNITY IN ISRAEL IS A UNIQUE ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUP - MUSLIM BUT NOT ARAB, WITH ITS OWN LANGUAGE AND CUSTOMS. THOUGH ONE OF THE SMALLEST DIASPORA COMMUNITIES IN THE WORLD (SLIGHTLY OVER 3,000), IT IS ONE OF THE MOST SUCCESSFUL IN PRESERVING ITS MOTHER TONGUE AND NATIONAL IDENTITY WHILE AT THE SAME TIME FULLY INTEGRATING INTO ISRAELI LIFE. ... FOUR LANGUAGES ARE TAUGHT IN THE TWO ISRAELI CIRCASSIAN VILLAGE SCHOOLS: 1- HEBREW AS THE LANGUAGE OF STATE , 2- ARABIC AS THE LANGUAGE OF RELIGION AND STATE, 3- ENGLISH AS THE LANGUAGE OF WIDER COMMUNICATION, AND 4- CIRCASSIAN AS THE MOTHER TONGUE. ... THE RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR EACH LANGUAGE, THE NUMBER OF HOURS ASSIGNED, THE ORDER OF INTRODUCTION INTO THE CURRICULUM VARY NOT ONLY FOR EACH OF THE LANGUAGES, BUT ALSO IN EACH OF THE TWO SCHOOLS. ... IT IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT TO BRIEFLY OUTLINE THE HISTORICAL AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC BACKGROUND OF THE ISRAELI CIRCASSIANS AND THEN, IN MORE DETAIL, DESCRIBE AND ANALYZE THEIR PRESENT QUADRALINGUAL EDUCATION, INCLUDING QUESTIONS OF LANGUAGE ATTITUDE AND MOTIVATION. FINALLY, THOUGH THERE IS MUCH THAT IS POSITIVE IN THE MULTILINGUAL CIRCASSIAN SYSTEM OF EDUCATION, IT IS NOT WITHOUT ITS SPECIAL PROBLEMS, AND THESE WILL BE DISCUSSED." REFER TO THE RELATED ARTICLE CIRCASSIAN ISRAELIS: MULTILINGUALISM AS A WAY OF LIFE ABOVE}
  21. NATIONALISM, ETHNOCENTRISM AND PERSONALITY. H. D. FORBES. 1985. / UNI. MAN. {SCALES FOR MEASURING 'ETHNIC BELONGING'}
  22. NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS. SYMMONS-SYMONOLEWICZ, 1970. {NEGATIVE FEELINGS BECOME PROMINENT AMONG NATIONALISTS ONLY WHEN THEIR POSITIVE FEELINGS FOR THEIR NATION CANNOT BE EXPRESSED, WHEN THEIR QUITE LEGITIMATE ASPIRATIONS ARE THWARTED. ... NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS ORIGINATE AND DEVELOP WHEN SOMETHING DEAR TO A PEOPLE (LANGUAGE, CUSTOMS) IS FORCIBLY TAKEN AWAY FROM THEM, OR WHEN THEY SUDDENLY REALIZE THE IMMENSE CRUELTY AND INJUSTICE OF SOME SUCH PAST EXPROPRIATION. MODERN NATIONALISM IN CONTRAST TO THE FANATICAL DEFENCE OF THE OLD ORDER, IS OFTEN CRITICAL OF THE WEAKNESSES OF ITS OWN NATIVE HERITAGE AND THUS TENDS TO BE REFORMIST IN ITS GOALS, BUT ITS FUNDAMENTAL PREMISE IS THE BELIEF THAT ITS OWN WAY OF LIFE IS FUNDAMENTALLY AS GOOD AS ANY OTHER AND DESERVES TO PERSIST AND FLOURISH. ... WHAT, THEN, MAKES SUCH NATIONALISTS CONTINUE THEIR EFFORTS IN BEHALF OF THEIR MORIBUND NATIONS? AFTER ALL, IT IS CLEAR THAT NEITHER THROUGH POLITICAL ACTION NOR BY ANY OTHER MEANS CAN THEY REACTIVATE THEIR PEOPLE, THE MAJORITY OF WHOM, IN THE HOPELESSNESS OF THEIR SITUATION, HAVE BECOME RECONCILED TO THE PASSING OF THEIR NATIVE CULTURE. ... DEEP REVERENCE FOR THE PAST OF ONE'S GROUP, PRIDE IN ITS ACHIEVEMENTS AND HUMAN QUALITY AND RESENTMENT OF ITS DISPARAGEMENT, OR MISTREATMENT, BY THE OPPRESSORS. THERE SEEMS TO BE AN UNCONSCIOUS TENDENCY TO DEFEND ONE'S GROUP FROM EXTINCTION, TO BE CONCERNED ABOUT ITS GRADUAL ABSORPTION BY THE LARGER SOCIETY, TO BE DEPRESSED BY THE DECLINE OF ITS HISTORIC INDIVIDUALITY."}
  23. NEW FEATURES OF THE ADYGEI WEDDING RITUAL. LA. S. SMIRNOVA. PP. 291-307 IN INTRODUCTION TO SOVIET ETHNOGRAPHY, Vol. I. STEPHEN P. DUNN AND ETHEL DUNN (Eds.). BERKELEY, 1974.
  24. NORTH CAUCASIAN FAMILY [STUDIA INSTITUTI ANTHROPOS, Vol. 3].
  25. SOCIAL CHANGE AND THE PROCESS OF MODERNIZATION. JORDAN: A DEVELOPING COUNTRY. Y. F. AL-HADDAD. Ph.D. DISSERTATION, UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, 1974.
  26. THE CHANGING CONDITIONS THAT AFFECTED THE ROLE OF THE CIRCASSIANS IN JORDAN FROM 1878-1921 AND FROM 1948-1980. AHMAD A. AL-KHALIL. SUBMITTED TO THE BACCALAUREATE SCHOOL, AMMAN, IN PART FULFILMENT OF HISTORY REQUIREMENTS, 1997. (17 PAGES). / MY COLLECTION. {DISCUSSES CIRCASSIAN IMMIGRATION TO, AND SETTLEMENT IN, JORDAN. THEIR ROLE IN ESTABLISHING THE KINGDOM IS ALSO HIGH-LIGHTED}
  27. THE CIRCASSIANS [MIDDLE EAST FORUM 37.2, DECEMBER 1961, PP. 26-33], GEORGE H. WEIGHTMAN. / MY COLLECTION. {SOCIOLOGICAL ACCOUNT OF THE CIRCASSIANS IN JORDAN}
  28. THE CIRCASSIANS OF AMMAN: HISTORICAL NARRATIVES, URBAN DWELLING AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTITY. SETENEY SHAMI. PP. 305-22 IN AMMAN: THE CITY AND ITS SOCIETY. JEAN HANNOYER AND SETENEY SHAMI (Eds.). BEIRUT: CERWOC PUBLICATIONS, 1996.
  29. THE ETHNIC REVIVAL IN THE MODERN WORLD. ANTHONY D. SMITH. CAMBRIDGE: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1981. {"THE DISSOLUTION OF ETHNICITY. THE TRANSCENDENCE OF NATIONALISM. THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CULTURE. THESE HAVE BEEN THE DREAMS, AND EXPECTATIONS, OF LIBERALS AND RATIONALISTS IN PRACTICALLY EVERY COUNTRY... THEY HAVE BEEN CONFOUNDED AND DISAPPOINTED. ALTHOUGH IN THE LATTER HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY THE WORLD HAS BECOME MORE UNIFIED, AND ITS STATES MORE INTERDEPENDENT, THAN AT ANY PREVIOUS PERIOD OF HISTORY, ... ETHNIC TIES ... HAVE BECOME STRONGER AND DEEP-ROOTED THAN EVER. TODAY, THE COSMOPOLITAN IDEALS ARE IN DECLINE AND RATIONALIST EXPECTATIONS HAVE WITHERED. ... AS AN IDEOLOGICAL MOVEMENT, NATIONALISM SEEKS TO ATTAIN AND MAINTAIN THE AUTONOMY, UNITY AND IDENTITY OF A SOCIAL GROUP, SOME OF WHOSE MEMBERS CONCEIVE IT TO CONSTITUTE AN ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL 'NATION'. " VERY USEFUL FOR CULTURAL REVIVAL RESEARCH}
  30. THE FAMILY IN CAUCASIA. LEWIS J. LUZBETAK. STUDIA INSTITUTI ANTHROPOS, 3, St. GABRIEL'S MISSION PRESS, VIENNA-MODLING, 1951. {HAS A BIBLIOGRAPHY WHICH INCLUDES HISTORICAL MATERIAL FROM CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY (CLASSICAL LITERARY CHRONOLOGY)}
  31. THE FUTURE OF CULTURAL MINORITIES. ALCOCK, TAYLOR AND WELTON. / UNI. MAN. {DISCUSSES THE DECLINE OF MINORITY LANGUAGES AND PROPOSES STRATEGIES FOR COUNTERACTING IT. "1- MINORITY CULTURES - WHAT THEY CONSTITUTE, HOW THEY RELATE TO OTHER CULTURES IN THE NATION, AND WHAT DISTINCTIVE AND TRADITIONAL ASPECTS OF THEM MINORITIES ARE ANXIOUS TO PRESERVE AND DEVELOP. 2- FORCES PLAYING UPON THEM - THE RELATIVE STRENGTH OF ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, LEGAL, RELIGIOUS, EDUCATIONAL, MASS-MEDIA AND FAMILIAL FORCES. 3- THE CHANGES TAKING PLACE IN THEM - WHETHER AND IN WHAT WAY THEY ARE BEING MODIFIED BY THE ABOVE MENTIONED FORCES, AND WHAT TRADITIONAL OR DISTINCTIVE PARTS, IF ANY, ARE BEING PRESERVED. 4- FEASIBLE MEASURES WHICH MIGHT BE TAKEN TO PRESERVE THEM. ... DIGLOSSIA: H AND L LANGUAGES DENOTING HIGH AND LOW VARIETY. THE H LANGUAGE IS ACQUIRED THROUGH FORMAL EDUCATION. THE L LANGUAGE IS USED FOR PERSONAL CONVENIENCE. DIFFERENCE WITH BILINGUALISM IS THAT THE LATTER INVOLVES TWO LANGUAGES OF EQUAL STATUS. ... A BACKLASH AGAINST THE TEACHING OF A MINORITY LANGUAGE ON THE PART OF THOSE (INCLUDING NATIVE SPEAKERS OF THE LANGUAGE) WHO ARGUE THAT IT IS 'A WASTE OF TIME' OR 'A WASTE OF MONEY' OR 'NOT IN THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILDREN'. ... THREATS TO SURVIVAL: 1- OPPOSITION DUE TO FEAR OF EDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGE. 2- THE MASS MEDIA, WITH THEIR ALL-PERVASIVE INFLUENCE, POSE A THREAT OF INCALCULABLE MAGNITUDE TO THE SURVIVAL OF MINORITY LANGUAGES. 3- SPATIAL FACTORS. 4- EXOGAMY. ... IN THEIR FEAR OF NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES AND PREJUDICES, EXPERIENCE IDENTITY CONFLICTS AND SEEK TO AVOID ADMITTING MEMBERSHIP OF THEIR GROUP. ... A FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM OF LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE IN THE CASE OF MOST MINORITY LANGUAGES IS THAT, IN GENERAL, THERE IS NO PRESSING ECONOMIC, ADMINISTRATIVE OR POLITICAL NECESSITY FOR THE LANGUAGE TO BE MAINTAINED. ... WHEN THE H LANGUAGE PENETRATES EVER FURTHER INTO ALL SPHERES OF SOCIAL ACTIVITY, THE L LANGUAGE IS INCREASINGLY LESS ESSENTIAL FOR PURELY UTILITARIAN PURPOSES. ITS ROLE IS MORE AND MORE THAT OF SERVING AS A SYMBOL OF IDENTIFICATION FOR A GIVEN COMMUNITY. BUT WHEN THE DESIRE FOR IDENTIFICATION WITH A DIFFERENT GROUP BECOMES STRONG, IT IS UNDERSTANDABLE THAT SYMBOLS OF IDENTIFICATION WITH THE MINORITY MAY BE ABANDONED. ... THE DECISIVE FACTOR IN DETERMINING THE FATE OF A MINORITY LANGUAGE IS THE DEGREE OF LANGUAGE LOYALTY SHOWN BY THE COMMUNITY OF SPEAKERS. IF THEY CONTINUE TO USE IT, IT IS LIKELY TO SURVIVE. OTHERWISE, IT WILL DIE. ... BUT TIME IS VERY SHORT AND, ... A DEAD LANGUAGE GENERALLY STAYS DEAD. ... TO GROW A SECOND TONGUE, AS HARSH A HUMILIATION AS TWICE TO BE BORN. ... DECADES LATER THAT CHILD'S GRANDCHILD'S SPEECH STUMBLES OVER LOST SYLLABLES OF AN OLD ORDER."}
  32. THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF CAUCASIAN MOUNTAIN PEOPLES OF 18-19 CENTURIES IN NEW PUBLICATIONS OF SOVIET HISTORIANS [THE PROBLEMS OF HISTORY, No. 5, 1958], A. B. FADEEV.
  33. TRADITIONS IN THE LIFE OF HIGHLANDERS TODAY: LAND AND PEOPLE [ASIA AND AFRICA TODAY, No. 4, 1993], VLADIMIR BOBROVNIKOV. {THE WRITER IS A FELLOW OF THE INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES AT THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES}
  34. WASTA: THE HIDDEN FORCE IN MIDDLE EASTERN SOCIETY. ROBERT B. CUNNINGHAM AND YASIN K. SARAYRAH. WESTPORT, CONNECTICUT: PRAEGER PUBLISHERS, 1993. {Contents: -- Introduction-- The Practice of Wasta-- Logic, Theory, and Method-- Tradition and Transition-- Family-- The Customs Department-- A Transition Stalled-- Wasta in Jordanian Society-- Palestinians-- Christians and Circassians-- Seeking Employment-- Wasta Pressures From the Close Family-- Wasta in the University-- Faculty-- Students-- Wasta and Political Theory-- Arena Theory-- Victimless Wasta-- Wasta And Development-- The Bureaucratic Solution-- The Structural Solution-- The Privatization Solution-- The Cultural Solution-- Conclusion-- Bibliography-- Index. Authors ROBERT B. CUNNINGHAM is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Tennessee. YASIN K. SARAYRAH is Assistant Professor in the Department of Public Administration at Yarmouk University in Jordan}
 

For a comprehensive bibliography on the Circassians in general, refer to North Caucasian Bibliography   http://www.oocities.org/Eureka/Enterprises/2493/circbibliog.html
 
Relevant Web Sites
 The Folklore Committee of Al-Ahli Club Home Page : http://www.oocities.org/Eureka/Enterprises/2493/folkcom.html
 Circassian Charity Association Home Page: http://www.oocities.org/Heartland/Estates/4529/
 Khalid Mirza Home Page: http://www.oocities.org/Athens/Forum/4296/pers.htm
 Lina Alaskar's Home Page: http://www.oocities.org/RainForest/Canopy/2317/
 Janti's Home Page: http://www.oocities.org/MotorCity/Speedway/7693/
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