Thoughts on North Caucasian Federation:
A Bibliography
 
 
General
 
"Dagestan, and the entire North Caucasus, is currently living in a state of delayed conflict."
Former Russian Deputy Premier Ramazan Abdulatipov, "Trud," 2 September 1998.
  1. AN OVERVIEW OF THE NORTH CAUCASIAN PEOPLES. LARS FUNCH AND HELEN KRAG. IN CAUCASUS: WAR AND PEACE: NEW WORLD DISORDER IN CAUCASIA. MEHMET TUTUNCU (Ed.). HAARLEM, HOLLAND: FOUNDATION FOR THE RESEARCH OF TURKISTAN, AZERBAIJAN, CRIMEA, CAUCASUS AND SIBERIA (SOTA), 1998.
  2. CONFLICTING IDENTITIES AND CONFLICTS IN THE CAUCASUS [PEACE REVIEW--A TRANSNATIONAL QUARTERLY, Vol. 9, No. 4, DECEMBER 1997], SVANTE E. CORNELL.
  3. CONFLICTS IN THE CAUCASUS. BACKGROUND AND PROSPECTS FOR MITIGATION. PAUL B. HENZE. UNPUBLISHED PAPER DELIVERED AT CAUCASIAN DISCUSSION GROUP, WASHINGTON D.C. (9 PAGES).
  4. CONFLICTS IN THE CAUCASUS IN CONFERENCE. INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, OSLO, 1995.
  5. CONFLICTS IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS [CENTRAL ASIAN SURVEY, Vol. 17, No. 3, SEPTEMBER 1998, PP. 409-42], SVANTE E. CORNELL.
  6. CULTURAL BOUNDARIES IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS. LARS FUNCH. IN CONTRASTS AND SOLUTIONS IN THE CAUCASUS. SEFA MARTIN YURUKEL AND OLE HOEIRIS (Eds.). DENMARK: AARHUS UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1998.
  7. LANGUAGE ASPECTS OF ETHNIC PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS. RONALD WIXMAN (1947-). UNIVERSITY OF OREGON. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, RESEARCH PAPER No. 191, 1980. (VIII, 243 PAGES. 23 cm. ISBN 0890650985). {EXTREMELY CRUCIAL WORK FOR RESEARCH AND STOCK-TAKING. HAS A VERY EXTENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PP. 225-43}
  8. LANGUAGE OF DISSENT: LANGUAGE, ETHNIC IDENTITY, AND BILINGUAL EDUCATION POLICY IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS. EVE RACHEL GREENFIELD. DISSERTATION IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE, RUSSIAN AND EAST EUROPEAN INSTITUTE, INDIANA UNIVERSITY, MAY 1996.
  9. THE CAUCASUS, AN ISSUE OF PRIMARY URGENCY. HELEN KRAG. PAPER DELIVERED AT CONFERENCE ON MINORITIES, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE CSCE PROCESS, SWEDISH INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, STOCKHOLM, 16 DECEMBER 1992. (8 PAGES).
  10. THE CAUCASUS: AN OVERVIEW. [BRIAN] GEORGE HEWITT. COMMISSIONED BUT NEVER PUBLISHED BY THE NEW STATESMAN MAGAZINE. PUBLISHED ON THE NET.
  11. THE LEGACY OF RUSSIAN RULE IN THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA [PERSPECTIVES ON CENTRAL ASIA,Vol. II, No. 12, MARCH 1998], ROBERT F. BAUMANN. {PERSPECTIVES ON CENTRAL ASIA IS A MONTHLY NEWSLETTER EXAMINING CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN CENTRAL ASIA. IT IS PUBLISHED BY THE CENTER FOR POLITICAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES, WASHINGTON, DC, USA. Dr. BAUMANN IS AT THE COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF, FORT LEAVENWORTH}
  12. THE NORTH CAUCASUS: MINORITIES AT A CROSSROADS. HELEN KRAG AND LARS FUNCH. REPORT OF THE MINORITY RIGHTS GROUP, LONDON, 1994. (44 PAGES. ISBN 1 897693 70 2. PRICE: $8.95 / 4.95 POUNDS STERLING). {THIS IS AN ESSENTIAL READING FOR ALL NORTH CAUCASIANS IN ORDER TO APPRECIATE THE FACTORS AND DYNAMICS THAT ARE AFFECTING THEIR POLITICAL FUTURE}
Political Aspects
 
  1. ABKHAZIA. SEZAI BABAKUSH AND LIUDMILA SAGARIA. MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ABKHAZIA. GUDAUTA, ABKHAZIA, OCTOBER 1993. (22 PAGES). / MY COLLECTION. {GIVES BRIEF INFORMATION ON ABKHAZIA. THERE IS A HISTORICAL SURVEY AND AN ARTICLE 'HISTORICAL AND LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GEORGIA AND ABKHAZIA', BY Dr. VLADISLAV  ARDZINBA, THE PRESIDENT OF ABKHAZIA}
  2. ABKHAZIA: A CULTURE ON THE BRINK. BRIAN GEORGE HEWITT. UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT. LONDON, 1993.
  3. ABKHAZIA AND SOUTH OSSETIA: DYNAMICS OF THE CONFLICTS. CATHERINE DALE. IN CONFLICTS IN THE CAUCASUS. PAVEL BAEV AND O. BERTHELSEN. OSLO: INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 1996. {Catherine Dale is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Political Science at UC Berkeley. Her publications include "Russian Involvement and International Peacekeeping in Georgia" (1996), and "Turmoil in Abkhazia" (1993). Ms. Dale is studying Georgian and Azeri and has traveled extensively throughout the Caucasus. Her dissertation is on state building in the context of violent conflict and large displaced populations in Georgia and Azerbaijan, and she will be conducting extensive fieldwork in both countries over the next two years (1997-99)} 
  4. ABKHAZIA. AN UPDATE TO 18 MARCH, 1994. BRIAN GEORGES HEWITT. ?UNPUBLISHED, SOAS, THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, 1994. (4 PAGES).
  5. ABKHAZIA: A PROBLEM OF IDENTITY AND OWNERSHIP. PP. 190-225 IN JOHN WRIGHT et al. (Eds.) "TRANSCAUCASIAN BOUNDARIES", UCL PRESS, 1996. {"FOLLOWING THE ANNOUNCEMENT THAT MINGRELIAN-BORN ZVIAD GAMSAKHURDIA HAD SUCCEEDED IN BECOMING ITS FIRST ELECTED PRESIDENT, THE REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA DECLARED ITSELF INDEPENDENT FROM THE USSR ON 9 APRIL 1991. ON 25 AUGUST 1990 GEORGIA'S HITHERTO AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF ABKHAZIA HAD DECLARED ITSELF TO BE A FULL SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, INDEPENDENT OF GEORGIA. THOUGH THIS DECLARATION WAS PROMPTLY RESCINDED BY THE AUTHORITIES IN GEORGIA'S CAPITAL, TBILISI, VLADISLAV ARDZINBA WAS APPOINTED PRESIDENT OF ABKHAZIA ON 4 DECEMBER 1990. ... TENSION IN THIS AND OTHER REGIONS OF TRANSCAUCASIA SEEMS CERTAIN TO REMAIN HIGH. ... THE GEORGIAN POSITION IS QUITE SIMPLE, NOT TO SAY SIMPLISTIC. ANY TERRITORY INCLUDED WITHIN THE CURRENT BORDERS OF GEORGIA IS DECLARED INDISPUTABLY TO BE GEORGIAN LAND, SO THAT VIRTUALLY ALL ARTICLES THAT HAVE DEALT WITH THE PROBLEM OF ABKHAZIA SINCE THE LATEST TROUBLES ERUPTED IN 1989 HAVE RITUALISTICALLY DESCRIBED ABKHAZIA AS EITHER 'AN INDIVISIBLE PART OF GEORGIA' OR AS 'GEORGIAN TERRITORY FROM EARLIEST TIMES'. THE ABKHAZIAN POSITION IS THAT, WHILE THEY HAVE LIVED AS NEIGHBOURS TO THE KARTVELIANS (SPECIFICALLY THE MINGRELIANS AND SVANS) FOR MILLENNIA, THEY HAVE AT TIMES JOINED FORCES WITH THEIR NEIGHBOURS (SPECIFICALLY THE MINGRELIANS) IN THE FACE OF COMMON EXTERNAL THREATS (e.g. ARABS, TURKS, ...). THEY ADMIT THEY SHARE WITH THE KARTVELIANS ASPECTS OF WHAT MIGHT BE CALLED GENERAL CAUCASIAN CULTURE; NEVERTHELESS THEY REMAIN A DISTINCT NORTHWEST CAUCASIAN PEOPLE, OCCUPYING THE SOUTHERN REACHES OF WHAT WAS ONCE (UP TO 1864) A COMMON NORTHWEST CAUCASIAN HOMELAND. THEY RESENT KARTVELIAN ENCROACHMENT ON THEIR LAND, WHICH HAS BEEN ACCOMPANIED BY REPEATED ATTEMPTS TO GEORGIANIZE OR KARTVELIANIZE THEIR PEOPLE. THEY PERCEIVE THE MAIN THREAT TO THE CONTINUING VIABILITY OF THEIR LANGUAGE AND CULTURE AS COMING FROM TBILISI (NOT MOSCOW), WHICH LEADS THEM TO THE CONCLUSION THAT THEIR TERRITORIAL INDEPENDENCE HAS TO BE RE-ESTABLISHED EITHER AS A SEPARATE AND FULL REPUBLIC WITHIN A NEWLY STRUCTURED USSR OR AS A CONSTITUENT OF SOME MOUNTAIN CAUCASIAN REPUBLIC, WHERE THEY WOULD SHARE THEIR FATE WITH OTHER NORTH CAUCASIAN PEOPLES. ... THE ABKHAZIANS SEE THE STRUGGLE AS ONE FOR THE SURVIVAL OF THEIR CULTURE AND LANGUAGE, OR SIMPLY THE PRESERVATION OF THEIR SEPARATE IDENTITY. THE KARTVELIANS, IF NOTHING ELSE, DESPARATELY DO NOT WANT TO LOSE TERRITORY THAT COULD PROVIDE AN INDEPENDENT GEORGIA WITH MUCH-NEEDED FOREIGN CURRENCY FROM THE TOURIST TRADE, GIVEN THE RICH POTENTIAL OF SUCH EXOTIC RESORTS AS GAGRA, PITSUNDA AND SUKHUM ITSELF. ... THE ABKHAZIANS PURSUED DISCUSSIONS WITH THEIR FELLOW NORTH CAUCASIANS. IN NOVEMBER 1991 THE THIRD SESSION OF THE MOUNTAIN PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS TOOK PLACE IN SUKHUM. ON 2 NOVEMBER, PARTICIPANTS RATIFIED A DOCUMENT ENTITLED TREATY FOR A CONFEDERATIVE UNION OF THE MOUNTAIN PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS, THE FIRST ARTICLE OF WHICH PROCLAIMED THE NEW CONFEDERATION TO BE 'THE LEGITIMATE SUCCESSOR OF THE INDEPENDENT NORTH CAUCASIAN REPUBLIC (MOUNTAIN REPUBLIC), CREATED ON 11 MAY 1918'. THE FULL LIST OF PARTICIPATING PEOPLES READS: ABAZINIANS, ABKHAZIANS, AVARS, ADYGHES, DARGINIANS, KABARDIANS, LAKS, NORTH OSSETIANS, SOUTH OSSETIANS, CHERKESS, CHECHENS, AUXOV-CHECHENS AND THE SHAPSUGHS. ... VOLUNTEERS FROM THE NORTH CAUCASIAN MEMBERS OF THE CONFEDERATION OF MOUNTAIN PEOPLES (PARTICULARLY CIRCASSIANS AND CHECHENS), DESPITE RUSSIAN ATTEMPTS TO STOP THEM CROSSING INTO ABKHAZIA, A MOVE THAT RAISES QUESTIONS ABOUT THE EXTENT TO WHICH YELTSIN KNEW IN ADVANCE OF, AND INDEED SUPPORTED, THE GEORGIANS' RESORT TO ARMS. ... THE MOST PRESSING QUESTION STILL REMAINS EXACTLY WHAT IT WAS BEFORE THE WAR BEGAN IN AUGUST 1992, NAMELY WHAT CAN BE THE FUTURE FOR ABKHAZIAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE ON THE ABKHAZIANS' ANCESTRAL HOMELAND INSIDE A PARANOICALLY HOSTILE GEORGIA? IF THE WESTERN WORLD VIEWS ITS COMMITMENTS TO MINORITY RIGHTS AT ALL SERIOUSLY, IT MUST BECOME MORE CLOSELY INVOLVED IN THIS QUESTION AND ENSURE THAT IF THE 'WEST'S FRIEND' CAN HANG ON TO POWER IN TBILISI, THAT 'FRIEND' IS CONSTRAINED TO BEHAVE DECENTLY IN ABKHAZIA. HAD SHEVARDNADZE'S WESTERN BACKERS TAKEN THESE RESPONSIBILITIES SERIOUSLY IN MID-1992, ALL THE SENSELESS SLAUGHTER IN ABKHAZIA MIGHT POSSIBLY HAVE BEEN AVOIDED." THE  BOOK IS REVIEWED BY SVANTE CORNELL IN CENTRAL ASIAN SURVEY, Vol. 16, No. 3, 1997, p. 441, BY STEPHEN JONES IN EUROPE-ASIA STUDIES Vol. 49, No. 3, 1997, PP. 533-4 AND BY FELIX CORLEY IN SLAVONIC AND EAST EUROPEAN REVIEW, Vol. 75, No. 2, 1997, PP. 382-3}
  6. AMERICAN MIDDLE EAST POLICY: THE NEED FOR NEW THINKING [CASPIAN CROSSROADS MAGAZINE, Vol. 2, ISSUE 3, WINTER 1997], PAUL B. HENZE AND S. ENDERS WIMBUSH. {Amongst other things the authors argue that the United States must re-think its policy in the North Caucasus and apply the universal principles of human rights in the area. "A recent poll reported more than 2/3 of all Russians longing for return of the Soviet Union!  Even as the demoralized Russian army in Chechnya was preparing to withdraw, a sign at the entrance of the main Russian military base near Grozny proclaimed: "The Caucasus was ours, is ours, and will remain ours!"  That is imperialism and colonialism at its worst.  Russia has to come to terms with the end of empire. ... Russia still has an almost unlimited ability to disrupt and confuse situations both at home and in its "Near Abroad".  No where has it done this more irresponsibly than in the Caucasus.  The mistakes of its Caucasus policy have cost the Russian people heavily.  Russia is lagging badly in devising realistic policies for dealing with the North Caucasus.  Soviet habits keep Russia from recognizing the advantages of new thinking about the Middle East. ... The indulgent U.S. response to the Russian assault on Chechnya was shameful.  Beijing's suppression in Tien An Mien entailed barely 1% of the casualties and none of the destruction of property that the Russians were responsible for in Chechnya (not only against Chechens, but equally against Russians).  If Beijing deserved to be ostracized, why not Moscow?  Why go on tolerating Russian bullying of other ex-Soviet states?  Why give every appearance of conceding a Russian entitlement to meddle in the affairs of the "Near Abroad"?  Throughout a half century of decolonization, America recognized no such entitlement by any other ex-imperial power.  The U.S. condemned Britain and France when they attacked Egypt in 1956.  America wholeheartedly welcomed independence for Algeria, India, and dozens of other ex-colonial countries.  America has a history of more than 200 years of opposing colonialism throughout the world.  It has always given assistance to new nations to consolidate their independence. ... The Clinton Administration gave no thought to imposing sanctions against Russia for its genocidal assault on Chechnya." Very essential reading. PAUL B. HENZE is a Resident Consultant in the Washington office of RAND. He headed the NationalityWorking Group in the National Security Council, 1977-1980. He spent 30 years in U.S. Government and government-related positions including Radio Free Europe, and American embassies in Turkey and Ethiopia. ENDERS WIMBUSH specialized in Soviet nationalities at the University of Chicago, did research on the Soviet Union at RAND in Santa Monica, and then established the Society for Central Asian Studies in Oxford, founding the journal Central Asian Survey. He became Director of Radio Liberty in 1987 and served in that capacity until 1992. He is now a senior executive with Science Applications International Corporation in McLean, Virginia.}
  7. AN ETHNIC CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONAL BORDERS [THE JAMESTOWN FOUNDATION PRISM, Vol. 1, No. 6, PART 2, JUNE 2nd, 1995]. {THIS PERIODICAL IS ISSUED BI-WEEKLY ON THE POST-SOVIET STATES}
  8. A TALE OF TWO RESORTS: ABKHAZIA AND AJARIA BEFORE AND SINCE THE SOVIET COLLAPSE. GEORGI M. DERLUGUIAN. WORKING PAPER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY CENTER FOR GERMAN AND EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1995.
  9. BACKGROUND TO THE CAUCASUS. CHARLES W. BLANDY. A COMPENDIUM OF CONFLICT IN THE CAUCASUS. BRIEF No. 1. CAMBERLEY: SOVIET STUDIES RESEARCH CENTRE, SANDHURST, REPORT 8.1, MARCH 1993. (34 PAGES).
  10. BACK IN THE USSR: RUSSIA'S INTERVENTION IN THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR UNITED STATES POLICY TOWARD RUSSIA. FIONA HILL AND PAMELA JEWETT. OCCASIONAL PAPER. STRENGTHENING DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS, JOHN F. KENNEDY SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, JANUARY 1994. {FIONA HILL IS ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF BELFER CENTER FOR SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS , JOHN F. KENNEDY SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT, HARVARD UNIVERSITY.  FOR FURTHER INFORMATION REGARDING THIS  PUBLICATION, CONTACT ELENA KOSTRITSYNA AT: elena_kostritsyna@harvard.edu} 
  11. CAUCASUS: WAR AND PEACE: NEW WORLD DISORDER IN CAUCASIA. MEHMET TUTUNCU (Ed.). HAARLEM, HOLLAND: FOUNDATION FOR THE RESEARCH OF TURKISTAN, AZERBAIJAN, CRIMEA, CAUCASUS AND SIBERIA (SOTA), 1998. (224 PAGES. ISBN: 90-9011125-5). {THIS IS A COLLECTION OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE SOTA CONFERENCE ON ETHNIC CONFLICT IN THE CAUCASUS, HELD IN HAARLEM, THE NETHERLANDS, 1-2 JUNE 1997. CONTENTS: KARABAGH.  ASSESSING THE ORIGINS OF THE KARABAKH CONFLICT, BY ALAN F. FOGELQUIST; ARMENIAN TERRORISM AND ITS ROLE IN THE WAR OVER UPPER-KARABAKH, BY CHARLES VAN DER LEEUW; THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE KARABAGH CONFLICT, JEYHUN MOLLAZADE; WOMEN AND WAR, BY LEYLA YUNUSOVA. CHECHNYA. THE NEW WORLD DISORDER IN TRANSCAUCASIA, BY MEHMET BINAY; THE RUSSO-CHECHEN CONFLICT IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, BY MOSHE GAMMER; THE RELATIONS BETWEEN CHECHNYA AND RUSSIA SINCE THE ELECTION OF A. MASKHADOV (JANUARY-MAY 1997), BY C. CEM OGUZ. ABKHAZIA. GEORGIAN-ABKHAZIAN CONFLICT AND ITS AFTERMATH, BY VIACHESLAV A. CHIRIKBA; ABKHAZIA DIARY 1997, BY PAUL B. HENZE; ATTACHMENT: OCTOBER 1992 APPRAISAL: AN INFORMAL ASSESSMENT OF THE ABKHAZ PROBLEM BY PAUL B. HENZE; THE ROLE OF SCHOLARS IN THE ABKHAZIANS' LOSS OF TRUST IN THE GEORGIANS AND HOW TO REMEDY THE SITUATION, BY [BRIAN] GEORGE HEWITT; ETHNIC MINORITIES IN GEORGIA, BY THE GEORGIAN PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND ETHNIC MINORITIES OF GEORGIA. GENERAL OVERVIEW. U.S. INTERESTS AND 'COOPERATIVE SECURITY" IN ABKHAZIA AND KARABAKH: ENGAGEMENT VERSUS COMMITMENT?, BY ROBERT M. CUTLER; TRANSITION TO WHAT? OBSTACLES TO LASTING PEACE IN THE CAUCASUS, BY GEORGE KHUTSISHVILI; AN OVERVIEW OF THE NORTH CAUCASIAN PEOPLES, BY LARS FUNCH AND HELEN KRAG; ETHNIC SITUATION IN THE CAUCASUS, BY RAUF A. HUSEYNOV; OIL INTERESTS AS THE CAUCASIAN CONFLICTS' TRUE FACE BEHIND ETHNIC SMOKE-SCREENS, BY CHARLES VAN DER LEEUW; TURKEY'S CAUCASUS POLICY (1990-1997): AN EVALUATION, BY MEHMET TUTUNCU; THE ROLE OF RUSSIA IN ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN THE CAUCASUS, BY LEVAN URUSHADZE; DAGLIK KARABAG OLAYLARININ PERDE ARKASI, NESRIN SARIAHMETOGLU; CIGARS AS BRIBES: THE CONFESSIONS OF A WAR-ZONE STOGGIE SMOKER, BY THOMAS GOLTZ. INTRODUCTION : "THE CAUCASUS SITUATED ON THE FRONTIERS OF EUROPE AND ASIA IS A CROSSROAD AND GATEWAY BETWEEN CULTURES AND CIVILIZATIONS, (BETWEEN EUROPE AND ASIA, ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY, TURKS, IRANIANS AND SLAVS.) IN THE FAMOUS CAUCASUS MOUNTAINS, WHERE PROMETHEUS WAS PUNISHED AND CHAINED TO THE ROCKS BECAUSE HE HAD STOLEN THE FIRE FROM THE GODS TO HAND TO MANKIND, SEEMS TO BE THE MOST FERTILE GROUND FOR ETHNIC VIOLENCE. ... THE WAR BETWEEN ARMENIA AND AZERBAIJAN ABOUT NAGORNO KARABAGH, THE ABKHAZIAN-GEORGIAN CONFLICT AND THE CHECHEN-RUSSIAN WAR. THESE WARS COST MORE THAN 100,000 LIVES AND RESULTED IN MILLIONS OF REFUGEES. ... - WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF CONFLICTS IN THE CAUCASUS? IS THIS AN AREA WHERE THERE WILL NEVER BE PEACE? ... - WHAT IS THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THE MEDIA IN THESE CONFLICTS? ... - COULD METHODS OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION HELP MAKE THE REGION LESS TENSE? ... - WHAT IS THE ROLE OF MILLIONS OF WOMEN, WHO SUFFER THE MOST FROM WARS THAT ARE FOUGHT MAINLY BY MALE HEROES? ... THIS BOOK GIVES ANSWER TO THESE AND OTHER RELEVANT QUESTIONS. THE AUTHORS ARE ALL EXPERTS AND SPECIALISTS OF THE REGION OR REPRESENTATIVES FROM THE COUNTRIES INVOLVED IN CONFLICTS. IT IS A BOOK THAT EXPERTS AND LAYMEN INTERESTED IN THE REGION CANNOT AFFORD NOT TO READ."}
  12. CONTRASTS AND SOLUTIONS IN THE CAUCASUS. SEFA MARTIN YURUKEL AND OLE HOEIRIS (Eds.). DENMARK: AARHUS UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1998. {CONTENTS: I: CAUCASUS: CAUCASUS - CONTRASTS AND SOLUTIONS. INTRODUCTORY SPEECH, HENNING LEHMANN; 'PERSONS OF CAUCASIAN NATIONALITY' - RUSSIAN NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES, ALF GRAANNES; THE CAUCASUS - A REGION IN QUEST OF STABILITY, THOMAS PETERSEN; GEOPOLITICAL AFTER-EFFECTS OF DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR AND REANIMATION OF THE EURASIAN IDEA, GAMAL Z. MOUTAGUIROV; OIL AND GEOPOLITICS IN THE TRANSCAUCASUS, RICHARD GIRAGOSIAN; CONFLICT-MITIGATION ON THE GROUND - TOWARD CITIZENS' DIPLOMACY, JAN OEBERG. II: NORTH- AND TRANSCAUCASIA: CULTURAL BOUNDARIES IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS, LARS FUNCH; NEW APPROACHES TO REGIONAL CONFLICTS, SOUREN T. ZOLYAN; TRANSCAUCASIAN CONFEDERATION - THE CHANCE FOR PEACE, SOUREN T. ZOLYAN; ETHNICITY AND POLITICAL CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CAUCASIA - THE PEOPLES OF THE HILLS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE MIDDLE EAST, TORBEN HANSEN; NATIONALISM, ETHNO-NATIONAL CONFLICTS AND HISTORY IN SOUTH CAUCASUS, KLAS-GOERAN KARLSSON; MOUNTAINEERS, RACKETEERS AND THE IDEALS OF MODERNITY - STATEBUILDING AND ELITE COMPETITION IN CAUCASIA, SOEREN THIESEN; CROSSING ROADS: POLITICAL STABILITY IN ARMENIA AND GEORGIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE, ISMAIL YUNUS SONER. III: ABKHAZIA: ABKHAZIA - PROBLEMS AND THE PATHS TO THEIR RESOLUTION, KONSTANTIN OZGAN; POST-WAR DEVELOPMENTS IN THE GEORGIAN-ABKHAZ DISPUTE, [BRIAN] GEORGE HEWITT. IV: ARMENIA: ARMENIAN NATIONALISM - PAST AND PRESENT, IGOR BARSEGIAN; THE COLLAPSE OF DIALOGUE, CHRISTIAN TOLSTRUP. V: AZERBAIJAN: NATIONALISM AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN AZERBAIJAN: PAST AND PRESENT, SEFA MARTIN YURUKEL; THE POLITICO-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE CASPIAN BASIN, OMUR ORHUN; THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM IN AZERBAIJAN, SUHA BOLUKBASI; ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE COURSE OF AZERBAIJANI SOCIETY DEMOCRATIZATION, ALIAGA MAMEDOV. VI: GEORGIA: POST-SOVIET CONSEQUENCES IN GEORGIA AND TURKISH POLICY, FAHRETTIN CILOGLU. VII: CRIM: THE CRIMEAN TARTARS' STRUGGLE FOR CO-EXISTENCE, SUAT KINIKLIOGLU. VIII: NAGORNO-KARABAKH: THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL LAW STATUS OF THE REPUBLIC OF NAGORNO-KARABAKH, RUBEN ZARGARIAN; THE KARABAKH CONFLICT AND PRESENT-DAY SITUATION, BAY AYDIN BALAYEV AND ALIAGA MAMEDOV. IX: CHECHNIA: THE PAST EXPLAINS THE PRESENT, CHARLES TCHKOTOUA; NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC NATIONALISM IN THE CAUCASUS - PAST AND PRESENT, DANIEL HERADSTVEIT; THE CASE FOR CHECHEN INDEPENDENCE, MARIE BENNIGSEN BROXUP; THE NEGOTIATION PROCESS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CHECHNYA - STRATEGIES, ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE PROBLEMS, MARTA-LISA MAGNUSSON. X: TURKEY: TASTE OF BEING MINORITY, HRANT DINK; TURKEY AND NORTH CAUCASIA - FROM HIGH EXPECTATIONS DOWN TO REALITY, DOGAN TILIK; TURKISH APPROACH TO TRANSCAUCASIA AND CENTRAL ASIA, BASKIN ORAN; TURKEY'S FOREIGN POLICY IN THE CAUCASUS, MEHMET TUTUNCU. ... "IN MARCH 1996, AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE WAS HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS, DENMARK, UNDER THE TITLE CONTRASTS AND SOLUTIONS IN THE CAUCASUS. THIS WAS THE THIRD IN A SERIES OF CONFERENCES ORGANIZED UNDER THE HEADING AARHUS DEBATES: THE FOCAL ISSUES OF THE WORLD. ... AS AN EXTENSION OF THE CAUCASUS CONFERENCE IT WAS DECIDED TO PUBLISH A BOOK CONTAINING CONTRIBUTIONS MADE AT THE CONFERENCE ITSELF AND SUPPLEMENTED WITH COMMENTARIES BY EXPERTS AND POLITICIANS WITH KNOWLEDGE OF AND INFLUENCE IN THE REGION AND ITS MANY CONFLICTING ETHNIC GROUPS AND NATIONS. THE FIRST PART OF THE BOOK CONCERNS THE WHOLE CAUCASISN REGION IN A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO ITS GEOPOLITICAL IMPORTANCE AND ITS RELATIONS TO THE FORMER SOVIET UNION AND THE PRESENT RUSSIAN FEDERATION. THIS IS FOLLOWED BY ARTICLES ANALYSING THE ETHNICAL AND NATIONAL PROBLEMS IN NORTH CAUCASUS AND TRANSCAUCASUS, SUCCEEDED BY DISCUSSIONS ON THE MOST IMPORTANT CONFLICTS IN THE DIFFERENT NATIONS AND REGIONS: ABKHAZIA, ARMENIA, AZERBAIJAN, GEORGIA, CRIMEA, NAGORNO-KARABAKH AND CHECHENIA. FINALLY THE TURKISH ROLE IN THE CAUCASIAN CONFLICTS IS DISCUSSED. THE INTENTION IS TO MAKE AVAILABLE THE MANY CONFLICTING AND INFORMATIVE VIEWPOINTS, NOT ONLY TO A PUBLIC AUDIENCE, BUT ALSO TO THE VARIOUS PARTIES INVOLVED IN THE CONFLICTS THEMSELVES. IN THIS SENSE WE HOPE THAT THE BOOK WILL BE OF SOME PRACTICAL APPLICATION IN AN EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT WITHIN A RANGE OF SUBJECTS DEALING WITH THE CONDITIONS IN THE REGION." SEFA MARTIN YURUKEL AND OLE HOEIRIS.}
  13. DRIVERS OF INSTABILITY IN THE CAUCASUS. CHARLES W. BLANDY. A COMPENDIUM OF CONFLICT IN THE CAUCASUS. BRIEF No. 2. CAMBERLEY: SOVIET STUDIES RESEARCH CENTRE, SANDHURST, REPORT 8.2, MARCH 1993. {"IN 1990 A CONFEDERATION OF THE MOUNTAIN PEOPLES OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS (KGNK) WAS ESTABLISHED WITH THE LONG-TERM OBJECTIVE OF ESTABLISHING A NORTH CAUCASIAN OR MOUNTAIN REPUBLIC WHICH, IT WAS ENVISAGED, WOULD INCLUDE ABKHAZIA." IN AUGUST 1992 THE PARLIAMENT OF KGNK INSTRUCTED ITS MEMBERS TO SEND VOLUNTEERS TO ABKHAZIA, DECLARED THAT ALL GEORGIANS IN THE KGNK WERE HOSTAGES, AND ORDERED THE IMPOUNDING OF ALL GOODS EN ROUTE TO GEORGIA. ALTHOUGH THESE ACTIONS WERE CONDEMNED BY THE RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT, NORTH CAUCASIAN INVOLVEMENT HAS CONTINUED. 31 CONFLICT ISSUES IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS ARE EITHER VIOLENT OR COULD BECOME ONE}
  14. LE CAUCASE DU NORD. EDITE PAR LE BUREAU D'INFORMATION DU PARTI DU PEUPLE DES MONTAGNARDS DU CAUCASE. REPUBLIQUE D'UNION DES MONTAGNARDS DU CAUCASE. PARIS, 1931. (22 PAGES).
  15. MUSLIM BOARD AGAINST PARTITION OF KABARDINO-BALKARIA [RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY REPORT No. 122, 29 JUNE 1994], ANN SHEEHY. {"The Spiritual Board of Muslims and council of Imams of Kabardino-Balkaria said in an appeal to the inhabitants of the republic on 27 June that to divide the republic into an autonomous Balkaria and an autonomous Kabarda would inevitably cause bloodshed and destroy the already weak genetic reserves of the Kabardinians and Balkars, ITAR-TASS reported. The board and the council were responding to a recent call by the Executive Committee of the National Council of the Balkar people for such a division."}
  16. PEACE OR WAR? THE PROSPECTS OF THE CONFLICTS IN THE CAUCASUS [THE IRANIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, Vol. 9, No. 2, SUMMER 1997], SVANTE E. CORNELL.
  17. RUSSIA'S HOTBEDS OF TENSION. GEORGE (GEORGII) N[IKOLAEVICH] VACHNADZE. COMMACK, NEW YORK: NOVA SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 1993. (285 PAGES. 24 cm. ISBN 1560721413). {SELECTED CONTENTS: DAGHESTAN: TWELVE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES. KABARDINO-BALKARIA: 100-YEAR WAR WITH RUSSIA. KALMYKIA: AIDS AND URANIUM MINES. NORTH OSSETIA: RUSSIAN ARMY'S BRIDGEHEAD IN THE CAUCASUS. CHECHEN-INGUSH REPUBLIC: UNDER SIEGE. NORTHERN CAUCASUS: VIETNAM, LEBANON AND AFGHANISTAN PUT TOGETHER.  INCLUDES MAP}
  18. RUSSIA'S POLICIES IN THE CAUCASUS. PAVEL BAEV. FORMER SOVIET SOUTH (FSS) PAPERS, SECOND SERIES. LONDON: THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, FEBRUARY 1997. (62 PAGES. ISBN 1 86203 055 3. PRICE: $12.95). {"THE CAUCASUS IS A MAJOR PRIORITY IN RUSSIA'S POLICIES, BOTH FOREIGN--AS FAR AS RELATIONS WITH ARMENIA, AZERBAIJAN, AND GEORGIA ARE CONCERNED--AND DOMESTIC--TARGETING THE SEVEN REPUBLICS IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS. IT WAS THE CHAIN OF VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN THIS REGION IN 1992-3 THAT NECESSITATED MOSCOW'S SPECIAL ATTENTION. IN DEALING WITH THESE CONFLICTS, RUSSIA RELIED STRONGLY--AS IT HAD ALWAYS DONE--ON MILITARY INSTRUMENTS. WHILE RUSSIA'S MILITARY INTERVENTION CONTRIBUTED STRONGLY TO THE CESSATION OF FIGHTING, IT ALSO EFFECTIVELY PREVENTED ANY LONG-TERM POLITICAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE CAUCASIAN CONFLICTS. AND IT IS PRECISELY IN THE MILITARY AREA THAT THE DECLINE OF RUSSIA'S POWER IS MOST OBVIOUS; THE CHECHEN CONFLICT NOT ONLY REVEALED THE TIMESCALE OF THE COLLAPSE BUT ALSO GREATLY AGGRAVATED IT. ... THIS PAPER ARGUES THAT RUSSIA'S POLICIES IN THE CAUCASUS WILL IN THE NEAR FUTURE REMAIN ESSENTIALLY REACTIVE, AD HOC AND OPPORTUNISTIC. A LOT DEPENDS UPON THE COMPOSITION OF POLITICAL FORCES IN MOSCOW, BUT RUSSIA'S GRADUAL STRATEGIC RETREAT FROM THE CAUCASUS IS PROBABLY IRREVERSIBLE. FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF STRENGTHENING THE NORMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, THIS TREND IS GENERALLY POSITIVE--BUT IT SHOULD NOT LEAVE BEHIND A VACUUM OF POWER AND UNLEASH A NEW CYCLE OF CONFLICTS. COMMITTED INTERNATIONAL INVOLVEMENT THROUGH A VARIETY OF CHANNELS COULD HELP DEVELOP A RELIABLE AND STABLE FRAMEWORK OF DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION." "THE CAUCASUS IS ONE OF THE PRIORITY AREAS IN RUSSIAN POLICY, AND RUSSIA'S IMPACT ON DEVELOPMENTS THERE IS IN MANY CASES DECISIVE. DURING THE LAST FIVE YEARS YELTSIN'S POLICY HAS BEEN NEITHER CONSISTENT NOR REALLY SUCCESSFUL - CHECHENIA REPRESENTS THE MOST SERIOUS FAILURE. PAVEL BAEV EXAMINES THE EVOLUTION OF THE MAIN STRANDS OF RUSSIAN DIPLOMATIC, MILITARY AND ECONOMIC POLICY TOWARDS THE THREE CAUCASIAN STATES AS WELL AS TOWARDS THE NORTH CAUCASIAN REPUBLICS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." THE AUTHOR IS A SENIOR RESEARCHER AND HEAD OF SECTION AT THE INSTITUTE OF EUROPE, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES IN MOSCOW. HE HAS WRITTEN THIS PAPER WHILE WORKING AS A RESEARCHER AT THE INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, OSLO (PRIO). HE IS CO-EDITOR OF QUARTERLY JOURNAL SECURITY DIALOGUE. HIS PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS INCLUDE THE RUSSIAN ARMY IN A TIME OF TROUBLES (LONDON: SAGE, 1996)}
  19. RUSSIA'S POLICY IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS AND THE WAR IN CHECHNIA. PAVEL BAEV. THE FORMER SOVIET SOUTH (FSS) PROJECT BRIEFING, THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, No. 2, MARCH 1995.
  20. "SOVEREIGN REPUBLIC OF BALKARIA" IS PROCLAIMED [THE JAMESTOWN FOUNDATION     MONITOR, Vol. II, No. 217, 19 NOVEMBER 1996]. {Authorities in the north Caucasus Republic of      Kabardino-Balkaria have responded decisively to last weekend's declaration of a sovereign Republic of Balkaria. Criminal proceedings have been launched against the organizers of the Congress of the Balkar People, which proclaimed the new republic on November 17. In a televised appearance, the president of Kabardino-Balkaria, Valery Kokov, vowed to use "all legal means" to fight separatism and prevent the destabilization of the republic. (Interfax, RTR, November 17-18). ... This is the Balkars' third attempt to create an independent republic. The Balkars and the Kabardins are both indigenous to the northern Caucasus, but they are not related to one another culturally or linguistically. The Balkars make up less than 10 percent of the population of Kabardino-Balkaria. They live in the mountainous territory in the south of the republic and have long complained of discrimination. The Kabardins, who make up 40 percent of the population, live mainly in the northern plain and foothill regions. The Soviet government laid a time bomb in 1922, when it created two bordering republics of Karachaevo-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria. Neither the Balkars, who are closely related to the Karachais, nor the Kabardins, who are closely related to the Cherkess, were happy with this territorial arrangement. The situation was exacerbated when, in 1944, the Balkars and the Karachais, together with the Chechens and the Ingush, were deported by Stalin. In the 1980s several congresses of the Balkar and Karachai peoples adopted resolutions calling for the creation of their own national republics. ... Kabardino-Balkaria is separated from Chechnya by only a few dozen kilometres of North Ossetian territory. If, moreover, there are disturbances in Kabardino-Balkaria, there is a danger that the situation in Karachaevo-Cherkessia will also be destabilized. Professor Musa (Yura) Shanibov, a member of the Kabardin People's Congress' executive committee, told the Monitor that "after the end of military operations in Chechnya, strange things have begun to happen. First, the situation was destabilized in Dagestan, and after that, in Kabardino-Balkaria. A belt of instability is being created around Chechnya. This is especially inspired from the Centre [i.e., Moscow]. The 'party of war' is not interested in peace coming to the Northern Caucasus." There are reasons, however, to doubt whether the majority of the Balkars living in Kabardino-Balkaria support the call of last weekend's Congress for independence. Ideally, perhaps, the Balkars would like their own state, but in the past the majority of the Balkars have not supported calls to split the republic." MONITOR IS  A DAILY BRIEFING ON THE POST-SOVIET STATES}
  21. THE CHECHEN STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE. MARIE BENNIGSEN BROXUP AND MOSHE GAMMER. LONDON: C. HURST & CO., (SUMMER) 1996. (240 PAGES). {CONTENTS: CHECHNYA IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA - CHECHNYA BEFORE THE CONQUEST. THE RUSSIAN CONQUEST (1785-1863). RUSSIAN RULE TILL 1917. THE MOUNTAIN REPUBLIC: REVOLUTION AND CIVIL WAR. SOVIET RULE. ISLAM. 'INDEPENDENT' CHECHNYA - BUILD-UP TO THE INVASION. THE WAR OF 1995 - WHAT FUTURE FOR CHECHNYA? DOES RUSSIAN FEDERALISM HAVE A FUTURE? IMPLICATIONS FOR RUSSIA. CONCLUSION. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX. "THE RUSSIAN INVASION OF CHECHNYA IN 1994 WAS NOT AN ISOLATED EVENT BUT ONLY THE MOST RECENT IN A LONG SERIES OF WARS WAGED AGAINST THE FIERCELY INDEPENDENT CHECHEN PEOPLE OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS. REPEATEDLY CONQUERED BUT NEVER SUBDUED, CHECHNYA PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN SHAPING RUSSIAN COLONIAL POLICY AND MISTRUST OF ISLAM. AFTER ITS DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE IN THE AUTUMN OF 1991, CHECHNYA WAS SUBJECTED TO AN ECONOMIC BLOCKADE AND CAMPAIGN OF DESTABILISATION BY MOSCOW IN AN ATTEMPT TO BRING THE REPUBLIC BACK UNDER ITS CONTROL. THE FAILURE OF THIS STRATEGY IN THE FACE OF DZHOKHAR DUDAEV'S RESISTANCE PRECIPITATED A BLOODY CONFRONTATION WHICH LEVELLED THE CAPITAL CITY, GROZNY, AND COST THE LIVES OF SEVERAL THOUSAND RUSSIAN SOLDIERS AND COUNTLESS CHECHENS. THE INVASION AND ITS AFTERMATH ARE ANALYSED IN THE LATTER PART OF THE WORK, WHILE THE FIRST PART FOCUSES ON THE HISTORY OF CHECHNYA OVER THE LAST TWO CENTURIES." MARIE BENNIGSEN BROXUP IS A FRENCH HISTORIAN OF THE MUSLIM PEOPLES OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION. SHE IS THE EDITOR OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS BARRIER: THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TOWARDS THE MUSLIM WORLD. LONDON: HURST, 1992. MOSHE GAMMER IS A LECTURER IN HISTORY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEL AVIV AND AUTHOR OF MUSLIM RESISTANCE TO THE TSAR: SHAMIL AND THE CONQUEST OF CHECHNIA AND DAGHESTAN. LONDON: FRANK CASS, 1994.
  22. THE GEOPOLITICS OF GEORGIA. JOHN F. R. WRIGHT. PP. 134-150 IN TRANSCAUCASIAN BOUNDARIES. WRIGHT et al. LONDON: UCL PRESS, 1996. {"HOW DO THE ABKHAZIANS LOOK TO THE GEORGIANS. ONE THING IS CLEAR: THE ABKHAZ SEEM FAR MORE ORGANIZED IN THEIR METHODS. THIS IS REFELECTED IN THEIR MILITARY SUCCESS, WHICH MUST HAVE COME AS A SHOCK TO THE GEORGIANS. TO THE GEORGIANS THERE WERE TWO CONFUSING ISSUES. IT REMAINED UNCLEAR WHAT THE ABKHAZ WERE SEEKING. SEVERAL POLITICAL OPTIONS SUGGESTED THEMSELVES: OUTRIGHT INDEPENDENCE; TO JOIN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION; SOME FEDERAL STRUCTURE WITH GEORGIA; FEDERALISM WITH THE MOUNTAIN PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS; FEDERALISM WITH BOTH GEORGIA AND THE MOUNTAIN PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS; FEDERALISM WITH BOTH GEORGIA AND THE MOUNTAIN PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. ... THE CONFEDERATION OF THE MOUNTAIN PEOPLES IS A VOLUNTARY FORMATION OF THE PEOPLES OF THE NORTH CAUCSUS, AS DISTINCT FROM THE LEADERS OF THE SUCCESSOR AUTONOMOUS REGIONS OF THE EX-USSR, APART FROM THE CHECHEN LEADERSHIP. THE THRUST OF THEIR ENDEAVOURS IS AGAINST RUSSIA, FROM WHICH THEY ARE ATTEMPTING TO GAIN INDEPENDENCE. THE ABKHAZIANS WERE ONE OF THE PRIME MOVERS IN ESTABLISHING THIS CONFEDERATION. TO THE OTHERS IN THE ORGANIZATION, ABKHAZIA IS A PARTICULARLY USEFUL MEMBER. QUITE APART FROM ETHNIC LINKS BETWEEN ABKHAZIANS AND OTHER NORTHWEST CAUCASIAN PEOPLES, THE ABAZAS, KABARDIANS, ADYGE, AND CHERKESS, ABKHAZIAN TERRITORY PROVIDES ALL THE OTHERS WITH PORT ACCESS TO THE BLACK SEA AND HENCE TO EXTERNAL TRADE MARKETS. ... THE DISADVANTAGE FOR THE ABKHAZ IS THEIR SIZE. THERE ARE ONLY 90,000 OR SO OF THEM. THERE IS GROWING ENCOURAGEMENT TO EMIGRES COMMUNITIES TO JOIN THEM IN THEIR HOUR OF NEED. THIS IS PARTIALLY SUCCESSFUL. THERE ARE FOR EXAMPLE PROBABLY SOME 500,000 ABKHAZ IN TURKEY. IN THE SHORT TERM THEY SEE LITTLE REASON FOR NEGOTIATION, IN THE LONG TERM IT IS NECESSARY, AS ECONOMIC RATHER THAN POLITICAL IMPERATIVES TAKE OVER. THE CONFEDERATION OF MOUNTAIN PEOPLES IS A PART OF THE CONFLICT IN ABKHAZIA. IN THE MAIN UNELECTED, IT IS REASONABLE TO ASSUME THAT IT SPEAKS FOR THE MAJORITY OF NORTH CAUCASIAN PEOPLE. ITS MAIN STRATEGY IS ANTI-RUSSIAN AND PRO-INDEPENDENCE. MEMORIES GO BACK TO NINETEENTH-CENTURY FIGHTS AGAINST THE ENCROACHING RUSSIAN EMPIRE. ... SINCE THE FALL OF SUKHUMI IN OCTOBER 1993, THE CONFEDERATION HAS LOST SOMETHING OF ITS INFLUENCE. THIS WAS PARTLY A RESULT OF DISAGREEMENTS CONCERNING THE SHARE OF SPOILS IN ABKHAZIA. IT APPEARED THAT MANY VOLUNTEERS WERE OFFERED HOUSES ON THE BLACK SEA COAST FOR HELPING IN THE FIGHTING, BUT THESE WERE NOT FORTHCOMING. ALSO, SPECIFICALLY LOCAL NORTH CAUCASIAN POLITICS HAVE COME TO THE FORE."}
  23. THE HEALTH STATUS IN THE BORDER COMMUNITIES OF POST-SOVIET SOCIETY: HEALING NEW NATIONS OR OPENING NEW WOUNDS? JOANNE M. NEUBER. CCIH '96 ABSTRACT/PAPER. {"This paper explores the status of Russian Federation border health populations in the North Caucasus as they deal with      the socio-economic of transforming from a centralized, Soviet health system to a more competitive, market-oriented health system. It discusses the economic constraints of transition that threaten to further exacerbate the health situation in these border communities, and the difficult legacy of their Soviet past--a past characterized by years of suppression, forced deportation and economic hardship that has caused continued conflict and distrust between various ethnic groups that is becoming more acute today. That distrust has prompted not only heightened political conflict between centre and periphery, but has also strained social and health services in border communities, as is evidenced by leading demographic statistics for the North Caucasus. The case studies presented in this paper will cite the neglect of health services among these border communities throughout the Soviet era that has been exacerbated recently by a rise in centre-periphery tensions and heightened calls for sovereignty in the Caucasus. This paper will conclude that there are many unresolved political and economic issues that need to be resolved if improved health status is to be expected--not only in these border populations, but in our global health community." THE AUTHOR IS A SOCIOLOGY GRADUATE STUDENT AT GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY}
  24. THE "INTERNAL" MUSLIM FACTOR IN THE POLITICS OF RUSSIA: TATARSTAN AND THE NORTH CAUCASUS. MARIE BENNIGSEN BROXUP. IN CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS AFTER THE SOVIET UNION: DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL DYNAMICS. MOHIADDIN MESBAHI (Ed.). GAINESVILLE: UNIVERSITY PRESS OF FLORIDA, 1994.
  25. THE UNRULY CAUCASUS [CURRENT HISTORY, Vol. 96, No. 612, OCTOBER 1997, P. 341 ff.], SVANTE E. CORNELL. {"Russia's policy in the Caucasus is confused, sometimes contradictory, and often destabilizing. It has failed to dampen ethnic tensions [and] has contributed to anti-Russian feelings. . ."}
  26. TRANSCAUCASIAN BOUNDARIES. JOHN F. R. WRIGHT, SUZANNE GOLDENBERG AND RICHARD SCHOFIELD (Eds.), GEOPOLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES RESEARCH CENTRE, SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. THE SOAS/GRC GEOPOLITICS SERIES 4. LONDON: UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON PRESS, 1996. (248 PAGES). {CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION; BACKGROUND NOTE: REFLECTIONS ON CHECHNYA; NATIONALITIES AND BORDERS IN TRANSCAUCASIA AND THE NORTH CAUCASUS; RUSSIA AND TRANSCAUCASIA; CONDEMNED TO REACT, UNABLE TO INFLUENCE: IRAN AND TRANSCAUCASIA; THE ARMENIAN PRESENCE IN MOUNTAINOUS KARABAKH; THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN: NOTES ON THE STATE BORDERS IN THE PAST AND PRESENT; THE GEOPOLITICS OF GEORGIA; THE GEORGIAN/SOUTH OSSETIAN TERRITORIAL AND BOUNDARY DISPUTE; ABKHAZIA: A PROBLEM OF IDENTITY AND OWNERSHIP. ... TRANSCAUCASIAN BOUNDARIES PROVIDES THE FIRST INSIGHTS INTO THE GEOPOLITICAL DYNAMICS IN THIS ETHNICALLY DIVERSE AND TURBULENT REGION OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION. THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE FORMER CONTROLLING POWERS OF IRAN. TURKEY AND RUSSIA IS EXAMINED, AND THE CONFLICTS IN NAGORNO-KARABAGH, (SOUTH) OSSETIA AND ABKHAZIA ARE SUBJECT TO EXPERT ANALYSIS. THE ROLES OF GEORGIA, AZERBAIJAN AND ARMENIA ARE CONSIDERED IN DETAIL, THEIR RELATIVE WEAKNESS HAVING HELD BACK THE TRANSITION TOWARDS DEMOCRATIC FREE-MARKET ENTITIES OF PLURALIST COMPOSITION. QUESTIONS OF MINORITY RIGHTS, TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENT AND THE INVIOLABILITY OF STATE BORDERS ARE CENTRAL TO AN UNDERSTANDING OF THIS PART OF THE WORLD; THESE ISSUES ARE MANIFEST ALL TOO VIOLENTLY WHEN COMBINED WITH THE NATIONALIST FORCES PREVALENT THROUGHOUT TRANSCAUCASIA. ... ALL STUDENTS OF GEOPOLITICS AND ETHNIC ISSUES WILL FIND THIS TIMELY VOLUME AN ESSENTIAL CONTRIBUTION TO UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEX GEOPOLITICAL PROBLEMS OF A RICHLY DIVERSE AND FASCINATING REGION." REVIEWED IN LE MONDE DIPLOMATIQUE, JUILLET 1996, BY VICKEN CHETERIAN, P. 31, AND BY ROBERT J. KAISER IN SLAVIC REVIEW, Vol. 56, No. 4, WINTER 1997, P. 804} 
  27. TRANSITION TO WHAT? OBSTACLES FOR LASTING PEACE IN (THE) CAUCASUS. GEORGE KHUTSISHVILI. PAPER PRESENTED AT THE SOTA CONFERENCE ON ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN THE CAUCASUS, HELD IN HAARLEM, THE NETHERLANDS, 1-2 JUNE 1997. THE PAPER WAS PUBLISHED IN CAUCASUS: WAR AND PEACE: NEW WORLD DISORDER IN CAUCASIA . MEHMET TUTUNCU (Ed.).HAARLEM, HOLLAND: FOUNDATION FOR THE RESEARCH OF TURKISTAN, AZERBAIJAN, CRIMEA, CAUCASUS AND SIBERIA (SOTA), 1998. {THE AUTHOR IS AT THE INTERNATIONAL CENTER ON CONFLICT AND NEGOTIATION (ICCN) IN (THE REPUBLIC OF) GEORGIA. ABSTRACT: COMPARED WITH ITS ALREADY PARTLY REALIZED POTENTIAL FOR HIGH INTENSITY CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE, THE CAUCASUS REGION OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION STILL BELONGS TO THE LEAST STUDIED AREAS IN THE WORLD. THE CAUCASUS REPRESENTS A UNIQUE CONGLOMERATE OF CULTURES, PSYCHOLOGIES, TRADITIONS, AND LIFE-STYLES WHICH GIVES A SUFFICIENT BASIS TO SPEAK OF A CIVILIZATIONAL NOT JUST ETHNIC OR SUPRA-NATIONAL IDENTITY OF THE REGION. DESPITE ITS INTER-ETHNIC, AS WELL AS INTRA-ETHNIC DIVERSITY, AMONG WHICH GEORGIA IS PARTICULARLY REMARKABLE, THE CAUCASUS (NOT TRANSCAUCASUS, WHICH PERTAINS ONLY TO THE AREA SOUTH OF THE GREAT CAUCASIAN RANGE, AND REFLECTS ONLY A RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE), OR CAUCASIA, INCLUDING THE "RUSSIAN" NORTH CAUCASUS, SHOULD BE REGARDED AND APPROACHED AS ONE GLOBAL ENTITY REGARDLESS OF THE POLITICAL BORDERS. ... THE PROTRACTED CONFLICTS IN NAGORNO-KARABAKH, CHECHNIA, ABKHAZIA, SOUTH OSSETIA, INGUSHETIA, AN IMMEDIATE OUTCOME OF THE RAPID COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET EMPIRE, PRODUCED SPECIFIC PERCEPTION OF THREATS EVEN IN TITULAR ETHNIC GROUPS, LET ALONE MINORITIES OF THE REGION, CREATED ULTRANATIONALIST ETHNOCRATIC REGIMES AND STRONG ISOLATIONIST AND SEPARATIST TENDENCIES ALONG WITH VICTIMIZATION. NOT VERY VISIBLE ON THE SURFACE OF AN ETIQUETTE-BASED COMMUNITY, FRAGMENTATION OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL REALITY, DISTORTIONS IN MASS PSYCHOLOGY, NO LONGER HEALABLE IN TRADITIONAL WAYS, HAVE TAKEN MOST DANGEROUS FORMS IN THE CAUCASUS IN RECENT YEARS. ... IN APPROACHING THE PROBLEMS THAT THE CAUCASUS FACES, TOO MUCH IS BEING ATTRIBUTED TO THE SO-CALLED TRANSITION PERIOD WHICH EVERY POST-SOVIET NATION SHOULD GO THROUGH. TRANSITION TO WHAT? ON THE ONE HAND, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, AS WELL AS A LEGACY OF TOTALITARIAN MENTALITY MAKE A RAPID TRANSITION TO EUROPEAN STANDARDS, VALUES AND MERITS UNREALISTIC, ALTHOUGH ALL (TRANS)CAUCASIAN NATIONS LIKE TO DEMONSTRATE THEIR ETHNOCENTRISM. THIS MIGHT HAPPEN IN A MORE DISTANT FUTURE. IT CANNOT BE A (RE)RUSSIFICATION EITHER, AS RUSSIA DOES NOT OFFER ANYTHING ATTRACTIVE AND WORTHY OF THE PAINS OF INTEGRATION UNDER RUSSIAN DOMINANCE. ... MILITARY PRESENCE AND A CERTAIN CONTROL OVER RELATIONS WITH THE WEST ARE UTMOST ACHIEVEMENTS EXPECTABLE FOR RUSSIA IN THE REGION. IF NOTHING WORSE HAPPENS IN THE MEANWHILE... . ... SINCE THE FALL OF THE SOVIET EMPIRE, RUSSIA EXERTED ALL KINDS OF MANIPULATION TO MAINTAIN ITS DOMINANCE IN THE POST-SOVIET STATES. FORCED STABILITY HAS BEEN EXERTED IN THE NORTHERN CAUCASUS. IT IS NOT TRUE THAT CHECHNIA IS MOVING TOWARD, OR HAS BEEN GRANTED, INDEPENDENCE. FROM THE RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE, IT IS ONLY A MATTER OF TIME TO REVERSE THE PROCESS, AS THEY REALIZE THE CHECHEN NATION HAS LITTLE PROSPECT TO SHAPE INTO AN INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED STATEHOOD. OF THE (TRANS)CAUCASIAN STATES, LAND-LOCKED AND RESOURCELESS ARMENIA HAS, MUCH MORE CLOSELY, TIED ITS INTEREST WITH RUSSIA THAN GEORGIA AND AZERBAIJAN; GEORGIA IS AT ODDS WITH RUSSIA BECAUSE OF THE UNRESOLVED ETHNOTERRITORIAL DISPUTES WHERE RUSSIA HAS INEFFECTIVELY MEDIATED, WHILE AZERBAIJAN IS PROMOTING ITS OIL-BASED WESTERN CONNECTIONS. THIS LOGICALLY FOSTERS GEORGIAN-AZERI TIES MARKING A GROWING FAULT LINE IN THE GLOBALITY OF THE REGION. ... ALTHOUGH THE PROSPECT OF AN ALL-CAUCASIAN WAR IS UNREALISTIC AT THE MOMENT, REPEATED EXODUS HAS PRODUCED POWERFUL MIGRATION WAVES AND CLUSTERS OF REFUGEES, SPREADING INSECURITY AND TENSION ALL OVER THE REGION. NEW, SO FAR LATENT CONFLICTS ARE WAITING THEIR HOUR TO EXPLODE. RUSSIA HAS TRIED TO DEMONSTRATE TO THE WORLD THAT THE CAUCASIAN NATIONS ARE UNABLE TO SUSTAIN THEMSELVES AND DEVELOP PEACEFULLY, AND THUS NEED A COMPREHENSIVE AND STRONG SUPERVISOR. A REAL GUARANTOR OF STABILITY AND CONSTRUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT IN THE CAUCASUS REGION CAN BE THE UNIFIED EUROPE WITH ITS INTERNATIONAL STRUCTURES}
  28. UNITY, DIVERSITY AND CONFLICT IN THE NORTHERN CAUCASUS. MOSHE GAMMER. IN MUSLIM EURASIA: CONFLICTING LEGACIES. Y. RO'I (Ed.). LONDON: FRANK CASS, 1995.
  29. id. PAPER PRESENTED AT THE CONFERENCE ON THE CONTEMPORARY NORTH CAUCASUS, SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, 22-23 APRIL 1993.
 
History
 
  1. ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS. Y. I. KRUPNOV, MOSCOW,1960.
  2. CIRCASSIA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: THE FUTILE FIGHT FOR FREEDOM. PAUL B. HENZE. PP. 243-73 IN PASSE TURCO-TATAR PRESENT SOVIETIQUE, ETUDES OFFERTES A ALEXANDRE BENNIGSEN. CHANTAL LEMERCIER-QUELQUEJAY, G. VEINSTEIN ET S. ENDERS WIMBUSH (Eds.). LOUVAIN-PARIS: EDITIONS PEETERS ET EDITIONS DE L'ECOLE DES HAUTES ETUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES, 1986. {THIS WORK PUTS THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT OF GREAT POWER RIVALRY AND DEALS WITH THE RESISTANCE OF THE CIRCASSIANS TO THE RUSSIAN CONQUEST OF THE NORTH-WEST CAUCASUS}
  3. CIRCASSIAN RESISTANCE TO RUSSIA. PAUL B. HENZE. PP. 62-111 IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS BARRIER: THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TOWARDS THE MUSLIM WORLD. MARIE BENNIGSEN-BROXUP (Ed.). LONDON: HURST & CO., 1992. {"WHY HAS THE CIRCASSIANS' LONG AND STUBBORN RESISTANCE TO THE RUSSIANS ATTRACTED SO LITTLE ATTENTION? TWO REASONS CAN BE ADVANCED. ONE IS THAT LEADERSHIP AMONG THEM WAS DIFFUSE. THEY PRODUCED BRAVE, INTELLIGENT AND COLOURFUL LEADERS, BUT NO SINGLE PERSONALITY DOMINATED THEIR STRUGGLE. MORE IMPORTANT, PROBABLY, IS THE FACT THAT WHEN THE CIRCASSIANS WERE DEFEATED AFTER A HALF-CENTURY OF HARD FIGHTING, THE MAJORITY OF THEM EMIGRATED TO THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. THE LANDS WHERE THEY ONCE LIVED WERE COLONISED BY SLAVS. THE SMALL GROUPS OF CIRCASSIANS WHO REMAINED IN THEIR TRADITIONAL HOMELAND WERE SEPARATED FROM EACH OTHER AND WERE LESS ABLE TO MAINTAIN THEIR TRADITIONS AND SENSE OF COHESIVENESS THAN THE TRIBES THAT HAD SUPPORTED SHAMIL. THEIR DISPERSAL HAS REDUCED AWARENESS OF THEM BOTH IN THE RUSSIAN/SOVIET EMPIRE AND IN THE WEST. ... AFTER THE GEORGIANS AND ARMENIANS, THE CIRCASSIANS CAME CLOSEST OF ALL THE CAUCASIAN PEOPLES TO DEVELOPING THE PREREQUISITES FOR NATIONHOOD. THEY HAD TRADITIONS OF ROOTS EXTENDING BACK TO THE DAWN OF RECORDED HISTORY. THEIR ANCESTORS MAY WELL HAVE GREETED THE FIRST GREEKS WHO CAME TO COLCHIS IN SEARCH OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PEOPLE SPEAKING DIALECTS ANCESTRAL TO CIRCASSIAN MAY HAVE EXTENDED DEEP INTO THE PRESENT AREA OF THE UKRAINE IN PREHISTORIC TIMES. THEY APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN THE DOMINANT INHABITANTS ALONG THE NORTHERN AND EASTERN BLACK SEA LITTORAL FROM THE CRIMEA TO THE MOUTH OF THE RIONI (THE ANCIENT PHASIS) IN HELLENISTIC TIMES. ... THERE WAS LITTLE DIFFERENTIATION OF PROFESSION AMONG CIRCASSIANS. ALL FARMED AND MOST KEPT LIVESTOCK. THOSE WHO ACQUIRED WEALTH KEPT LARGE HERDS OF CATTLE AND MANY HORSES. FORESTS WERE RICH IN GAME AND SUPPLIED MORE THAN ENOUGH WOOD FOR FUEL AND CONSTRUCTION. ... FOR THOSE TIMES, HEALTH CONDITIONS WERE GOOD AND THERE WAS USUALLY SURPLUS POPULATION. FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS, IN FACT, THE MAIN EXPORT OF THE CIRCASSIAN LANDS WAS PEOPLE; DEDICATED AS THEY WERE TO THEIR OWN TRADITIONS, CIRCASSIAN MEN WERE ALWAYS READY TO VENTURE INTO THE WIDER WORLD AS SOLDIERS. THE MAMLUKS OF EGYPT WERE LARGELY CIRCASSIANS AND GEORGIANS. ... THE CIRCASSIANS SEEM TO PRESENT AN ANOMALY -- A PEOPLE WITH A COMMON LANGUAGE, COMMON PRIDE IN THEIR HISTORY, AND FIERCE ADHERENCE TO TRADITIONS, BUT WITHOUT A WRITTEN LANGUAGE OR RECORDED LAWS, AND WITH AN ABSENCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE AND OF ORGANISATION TO PROVIDE FOR THEIR OWN DEFENCE. IT WAS NOT ONLY THEIR CLASSICAL EDUCATION THAT CAUSED MANY EUROPEANS WHO VISITED THE CIRCASSIANS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY TO COMPARE THEM TO THE ANCIENT GREEKS AND SEE AMONG THEM SURVIVALS OF CLASSICAL GREEK CUSTOMS AND HABITS. CLASSICAL GREEKS WERE NEVER UNITED POLITICALLY, EVEN THOUGH THEY HAD DEVELOPED URBAN CULTURE TO A MUCH HIGHER DEGREE. INDIVIDUAL CITY-STATES FOUGHT BITTER WARS AGAINST EACH OTHER. STILL, GREEKS WERE ALL CONSCIOUS OF BELONGING TO A GREEK NATION WHICH WAS SHARPLY DIFFERENTIATED FROM THE BARBARIANS AROUND THEM. LIKE THE ANCIENT GREEKS, CIRCASSIAN TRIBES RAIDED EACH OTHER AND TOOK PRISONERS AND HOSTAGES AND THEN MET IN COUNCILS ON NEUTRAL GROUND TO REGULATE RELATIONS BETWEEN TRIBES AND CLANS, DEBATE POLITICAL ISSUES, AND THEN HOLD GAMES AND FESTIVALS, BUT THEIR FEELING OF COMMON NATIONALITY WAS NOT INSTITUTIONALISED BEYOND THIS LEVEL. ... COSSACKS ADOPTED CIRCASSIAN CUSTOMS AND STYLE OF LIFE WHICH WAS IN MANY RESPECTS OF A HIGHER QUALITY THAN THE RUSSIANS HAD ATTAINED AT THE TIME. ... IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY THE BASIC RUSSIAN APPROACH WAS TO DEVELOP ALLIANCE RELATIONSHIPS WITH AS MANY OF THE KABARDIAN ARISTOCRACY AS POSSIBLE, GAIN THEIR ACQUIESCENCE IN A PERMANENT RUSSIAN PRESENCE IN THE REGION, AND CONSTRUCT CHAINS OF FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS. OVER TIME, THEY ACHIEVED CONSIDERABLE SUCCESS, BUT THERE WERE REPEATED REBELLIONS, FOR, LIKE ALL CIRCASSIANS, THE KABARDIAN FREEMEN DID NOT ACKNOWLEDGE THE DOMINANCE OF ANY SINGLE PRINCE, AND SOME PRINCES RESENTED FAVORITISM SHOWN TO RIVALS. THE BULK OF THE PEOPLE SELDOM SAW MUCH GAIN FOR THEMSELVES IN RUSSIAN DOMINATION. THESE EPISODES WERE PARTICULARLY DIFFICULT FOR SOVIET HISTORIANS TO DEAL WITH AND RESULTED IN MUCH CONTROVERSY AND SOPHISTRY ABOUT THE 'VOLUNTARY' INCORPORATION OF KABARDA INTO THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND ABOUT WHICH GROUPS AMONG KABARDIANS ACTUALLY FAVOURED IT". PAUL HENZE HAS SERVED ON THE US NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL FROM 1976 TO 1980. HE IS CONSULTANT TO THE RAND CORPORATION AND AUTHOR OF SOVIET STRATEGY AND ISLAM}
  4. CIRCASSIAN WAR. DAVID URQUHART. {THE AUTHOR, A REMARKABLE SCOT, WAS BORN IN 1805. HE WAS THE FIRST BRITON TO ESPOUSE THE CAUSE OF THE CIRCASSIANS. HE VISITED CIRCASSIA IN JULY AND AUGUST 1834. HE WAS APPOINTED SECRETARY TO THE BRITISH AMBASSADOR IN TURKEY IN 1836. HE BECAME A FOCAL POINT FOR THE CIRCASSIAN EXILE COMMUNITY IN CONSTANTINOPLE. HE SUFFERED A SETBACK WHEN A SMALL BRITISH VESSEL, THE VIXEN, WAS CAPTURED LATE IN 1836 BY THE RUSSIANS WHEN IT WAS TRYING TO RUN THEIR BLOCKADE OF THE CIRCASSIAN COAST WITH A CARGO OF SALT. THE DIPLOMATIC INCIDENT WAS EMBARRASSING TO ALL THE POWERS INVOLVED. URQUHART HAD PERSUADED ANOTHER BRITON, JAMES STANISLAUS BELL, WHO HAD CHARTERED THE VESSEL AS A MERCHANT, TO DISPATCH IT CONTRARY TO THE ADVICE OF PONSONBY, THE AMBASSADOR. URQUHART WAS EXPELLED FROM THE EMBASSY AND THEN RECALLED TO LONDON IN 1837}
  5. DAVID URQUHART AND THE EASTERN QUESTION, 1833-37: A STUDY IN PUBLICITY AND DIPLOMACY [JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY, 1936, PP. 444-67], G. H. BOLSOVER.
  6. DAVID URQUHART: SOME CHAPTERS IN THE LIFE OF A VICTORIAN KNIGHT-ERRANT OF
  7. JUSTICE AND LIBERTY. GERTRUDE ROBINSON. OXFORD, 1920. {BIOGRAPHY}
  8. LE CAUCASE ET LA REVOLUTION RUSSE, ASPECT POLITIQUE. HAIDAR BAMMATE. UNION NATIONALE DES EMIGRES DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU CAUCASE DU NORD, PARIS, 1929. (71 PAGES. 19 cm. ). {THE CAUCASUS AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION. STILL OF RELEVANCE TODAY. BAMMATE USED TO BE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS DURING THE SHORT-LIVED NORTH CAUCASIAN MOUNTAIN REPUBLIC}
  9. LES RUSSES EN CIRCASSIE (1760-1864). AZIZ MEKER. BERNE, FEVRIER 1919. (129 PAGES). {THERE IS A MAP SHOWING THE ROUTES OF CIRCASSIAN EXODUS FROM THEIR LANDS AFTER THE END OF THE RUSSO-CIRCASSIAN WARS. TABLE DES MATIERES: SITUATION INTERNATIONALE DE LA CIRCASSIE - RUSE DIPLOMATIQUES DE LA RUSSIE - SITUATION INTERIEURE - CONSTITUTION SOCIALE - ETAT ECONOMIQUE DU PAYS. METHODES DE GUERRRE RUSSES - DERNIERES BATAILLES - EDIT DE PROSCRIPTION. JUIN 1864. EXODE ENN MASSE - CONDUITE DU GOUVERNEMENT RUSSE DURANT L'EXODE - POURSUITE IMPLACABLE DES CIRCASSIENS PAR LA RUSSIE MEME EN DEHORS DE L'EMPIRE RUSSE -  CONCLUSION}
  10. REVOLUTION AND CIVIL WAR IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS: END OF THE 19th - BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY [CENTRAL ASIAN SURVEY (SPECIAL ISSUE ON THE NORTH CAUCASUS), Vol. 10, No. 1/2, 1991, PP. 119-32], VASSAN-GIRAY CABAGI. {CABAGI WAS MINISTER OF FINANCE OF THE NORTH CAUCASIAN MOUNTAIN REPUBLIC. SOME REFERENCES GIVE JABAGI. ALSO WRITTEN DJABAGUI}
  11. RUSSIA AND THE CAUCASUS THROUGH THE BEGINNING OF THE 19th CENTURY. MICHAEL
  12. KHODARKOVSKY. PAPER PRESENTED AT THE CAUCASUS CONFERENCE 1996: THE PAST AS
  13. PRELUDE: CULTURAL, HISTORICAL, AND POLITICAL ROOTS OF IDENTITY IN THE CAUCASUS HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY ON MAY 17th, 1996. {THE AUTHOR IS AT LOYOLA UNIVERSITY}
  14. RUSSIAN EXPULSION OF MOUNTAINEERS FROM THE CAUCASUS, 1856-66, AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND - DEMOGRAPHIC WARFARE - AN ASPECT OF OTTOMAN AND
  15. RUSSIAN POLICIES, 1854-66. MARC PINSON. UNPUBLISHED Ph.D. THESIS, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, 1970.
  16. RUSSIAN PENETRATION OF THE CAUCASUS. FIRUZ KAZEMZADEH. IN RUSSIAN IMPERIALISM: FROM IVAN THE GREAT TO THE REVOLUTION. TARAS HUNCZAK (Ed.). NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY: RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1974.
  17. RUSSIAN RULE IN THE CAUCASUS [WORLD'S WORK, LONDON, 8, Vol. 23, 1914, PP. 175-186],
  18. HAROLD BUXTON.
  19. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND CIVIL WAR IN THE CAUCASUS [SLAVIC REVIEW 27, OCT. 1968, PP. 452-460], ROBERT H. McDOWELL. {INTERESTING}
  20. RUSSIA'S CONQUEST AND PACIFICATION OF THE CAUCASUS: RELOCATION BECOMES A
  21. POGROM IN THE POST-CRIMEAN WAR PERIOD [NATIONALITIES PAPERS (ISSN 0090-5992), Vol. 23, No. 4, 1995, PP. 675-86], WILLIS BROOKS.
  22. SERGEI KIROV AND THE STRUGGLE FOR SOVIET POWER IN THE TEREK REGION, 1917-1918. RICHARD DOUGLAS KING (1950-). MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY SERIES. NEW YORK: GARLAND, 1987. (V, 415 PAGES. 24 cm. ISBN 0824080564). {MAP. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PP. 401-15. REVISION OF Ph.D. THESIS, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN, 1983}
  23. THE CHECHENS AND THE INGUSH DURING THE SOVIET PERIOD AND ITS ANTECEDENTS. ABDURAHMAN AVTORKHANOV. PP. 146-94 IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS BARRIER. MARIE BENNIGSEN-BROXUP. LONDON: HURST & CO., 1992. {AVTORKHANOV IS A CHECHEN BY BIRTH. ONE OF HIS FIRST BOOKS, REVOLUTION AND COUNTER REVOLUTION IN CHECHNIA, WAS PUBLISHED IN GROZNYI IN 1933. HE WAS ARRESTED IN 1937 DURING THE STALINIST PURGES AND ACCUSED OF BEING 'AN ENEMY OF THE PEOPLES'. HE WAS RELEASED IN 1942 AND EMIGRATED TO THE WEST IN 1943. HIS BOOKS, LONG FORBIDDEN IN THE SOVIET UNION, WERE READ ASSIDUOUSLY BY SOVIET DISSIDENTS. AMONG THE MOST RECENT ARE STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS OF BREZHNEV: POLITICAL STUDIES (1980), THE ENIGMA OF STALIN'S DEATH: BERIA'S CONSPIRACY (1981), THE ORIGINS OF THE PARTOCRACY AND TECHNOLOGY OF POWER (1983) AND THE EMPIRE OF THE KREMLIN (1986). A HERO IN HIS NATIVE CHECHNIA, HE HAS RECENTLY BEEN REHABILITATED. "IN SPITE OF THE EXISTENCE OF DISTINCT LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS, THE NORTH CAUCASIAN MOUNTAINEERS ARE ESSENTIALLY ONE PEOPLE CONSISTING OF KINDERED TRIBES SHARING A COMMON HISTORY AND CULTURE."  PP. 146-154 CAN BE VIEWED ON-LINE. FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS, REFER TO THE AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION IN LE MONDE DIPLOMATIQUE, JANVIER 1995, PAGE 4}

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