Mediterranean Influences in Ancient America
The The Greenlanders saga, a collection of 12th and 13th century Norse tales, relates that a 10th Century Norseman Bjarni Herjolfsson, was blown off course and sighted a land mass west of Greenland, but didn't go ashore.
More than a decade later, using the same ship that Bjarni had used ,Leif Eriksson explored North America . The Norse called parts of it Helluland (Stoneland), Markland (Woodland) and Vinland (Wineland or Vineland]).
, a collection of 12th and 13th century Norse tales, relates that a
10th Century Norseman Bjarni Herjolfsson, was blown off course and
sighted a land mass west of Greenland, but didn't go ashore.
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Vinland the Good: The Saga of Leif Eiriksson and the Viking Discovery of America Discovering Vikings at L'anse aux Meadows
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| The "Skalholt" map [Image] shows the Vinland' settlement at the northern tip of Newfoundland, where L'Anse aux Meadows was later discovered . The settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows consisted of at least eight buildings, including a forge and smelter, a lumber yard , and a shipyard. | |
| A 15th century map depicts Viking
explorations of North America. Known as the Vinland Map [Image], it has been
the subject of much debate. A problem with the map is that it did not
surface until 1965 in a publication
The Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation |
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| The map , believed to have been copied in the 15th
century from an earlier map ,was discovered bound together with a codex
named the ‘Historia Tartorum’, or the ‘Tatar Relation’.
In 1972, a scientific team reported that its ink contained anatase, which first appeared in ink during the 1920s. In 1992, Dr. Thomas Cahill of UC Davis found anatase in a variety of medieval manuscripts and the Vinland Map debate was reopened. |
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The Runes are characters of related ancient Northern European
alphabets . They were used primarily in Scandinavia,
and the British Isles. The Scandinavian version is known as Futhark .
The presence of runes in the Americas would indicate an ancient Northern
European presence. Several noteworthy runestones have been located
at various locales in North America.
"8 Goths [Swedes] and 22 Norwegians on an exploration journey from Vinland westward. We had our camp by 2 rocky islets one day's journey north of this stone. We were out fishing one day. When we came home we found 10 men red with blood and dead. AVM save us from evil. We have 10 men by the sea to look after our ships, 14 days journey from this island. Year 1362."
The Kensington Runestone is a slab of grey stone, which contains runic writing along one edge. Found in 1898 , embedded in the roots of a tree, on the property of a Scandinavian farmer [Olaf Ohman ] in Minnesota .
The stone has been examined by many scholars. Like any artifact which
challenges established views , There has been extensive debate as to its
authenticity.
| Arguments for Authenticity | Arguments against Authenticity | |
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Paul Knutson [Powell Knutsson] was a Norse leader and alleged American explorer. Circa 1354 King Magnus VII of Norway directed him to conduct an expedition to Greenland to "insure the continuity of Christianity there." He is said to have set out in 1355 and returned in 1363 or 1364.
Some theorists argue that Knutson traveled to North America, and that
the Kensington Runestone may have been left by his group.
The Heavener rune stone - Choctaw
Indians of the 1830's, saw it, but could not read it. Various 19th
Century people saw the stone, and it was eventually named "Indian Rock".
In 1923 the lettering was submitted to the Smithsonian Institution, who
identified the Norse letters .
In 1948, deciphering of the runes began, 38 years later Gloria Stewart
Farley, who had seen the inscription as a child believed she had
deciphered the runes
which she claimed represented the date November 11, 1012 .
Two more runestones in the vicinity were later found near
Poteau Mountain, not far away, another small inscription of eight
runes was found at a foothill near Cavanal Mountain, and another stone
with
five runes was found at Shawnee, Oklahoma.
In 1986, it was found that these 5 runestones had apparently been made
even 2-3 centuries before the November 11, 1012 translation rendered by
Gloria Stewart Farley, probably before 800 A.D. Dr. Richard Nielson made Translations in words,
instead of numerals, he
believes that the second and eighth runes are actually variants of the
letter L, which permitted him to say that the Heavener runes are
G-L-O-M-E-D-A-L, meaning Glome's Valley, and represent a land claim.
The Poteau runes are believed to be a memorial to the same person. The Shawnee runestone is the name MEDOK, and was believed to be a gravestone. Other runestones in the vicinity of Poteau Mountain lack sufficient characters for any translation.
It is hypothesized that these Vikings crossed the Atlantic, found the Mississippi River,
and sailed into its tributaries, the Arkansas and Poteau Rivers, around
750 A.D. This date is indicated by the grammar used on the Poteau Runestone.
"In Plain Sight: Old World Records in Ancient America
Viking
hoaxes in North America Viking hoaxes in North America
Three rune stones from Spirit Pond, Maine were found in Maine in
1971. One bears a rough map of the area, the second has runic writing on
one side. On the third, there are ten lines of runes on one side and six
on the other. The inscription tells of a sudden storm and fearful men
trying to save their ship from "the foamy arms of Aegir, angry god
of the sea".
THE SPIRIT POND STONES AND THE MYSTERIOUS "FACTS" OF THEIR FABRICATION
Generally considered a purely mythical city of
the the American Northeast [New England] it has linked by some to
Vikings in New England. In the late 19th century Dr Eben Norton Horsford attempted to link
Norumbega to Viking settlements [The Discovery of the ancient city of Norumbega
An early reference to Norumbega comes from a French navigator and explorer Jean Allefonsce [1484-1544]
"The river is more than 40 leagues wide at its entrance and retains its width some thirty or forty leagues. It is full of Islands, which stretch some ten or twelve leagues into the sea. ... Fifteen leagues within this river there is a town called Norombega, with clever inhabitants, who trade in furs of all sorts; the town folk are dressed in furs, wearing sable. ... The people use many words which sound like Latin. They worship the sun. They are tall and handsome in form. The land of Norombega lie high and is well situated."
Betty Buckell has theorized that the town was on the Hudson. Paul
H Chapman, author of "Norumbega: A Norse Colony In Rhode Island"
believes that the Norse settled in Rhode Island, and that after voyages
to Vínland ceased, they became the Narragansett Indians, interbreeding
and assimilating with the
culture of nearby native Americans.
Miscellaneous Notes
Chapman, "Norumbega: A Norse Colony In Rhode Island", The Ancient American 1994.
A Norwegian coin from the 11th century was found in Maine in 1957 at a Native American archaeological site {Image}
The Origin and Deeds of the Goths
The The Heimskringla or the Sagas of the Norse Kings 
1258AD Rolf of Iceland reports discovery of a New Land called "Nyaland" in the western continent. Kongfriget Norges Historie.
1010AD Thorfin Karlsefni's expedition of 160 Greenlanders establish a camp in Vinland and explore the continent from Christian's Bay (later Hudson Bay) to Florida. After two years, they withdraw following a skirmish with Amerindians who they call Skraelings.
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