Lord
Buddha (a Tathagatha, Exalted One, Arahant, the Fully Enlightened One)
is The Incomparable Teacher of Human And Gods
(Deities/Devas)
"Namo
Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammasambuddhassa"
"Veneration
to the Exalted One, the Homage Worthy, the Perfectly Self-Enlightened"
Last Days of the Buddha - Maha parinibbána Sutta (Digha
Nikáya Sutta 16)
"And what, Ananda,
is that teaching called the Mirror of Dhamma, possessing which the noble
disciple may thus declare of himself?
I go for refuge to the
Buddha (Teacher) : "In this case, Ananda, the noble disciple possesses
unwavering faith in the Buddha thus: 'The Blessed One is an Arahat, the Fully
Enlightened One, perfect in knowledge and conduct, the Happy One, the knower of
the world, the paramount trainer of beings, the teacher of gods and men, the
Enlightened One, the Blessed One.'
I go for refuge to the
Dhamma (the Buddha’s Teaching) : "He possesses unwavering faith in the
Dhamma thus: 'Well propounded by the Blessed One is the Dhamma, evident,
timeless, inviting investigation, leading to emancipation, to be comprehended
by the wise, each for himself.'
I go for refuge to the
Sangha (the monks community/not any particular monk) : "He possesses
unwavering faith in the Blessed One's Order of Disciples thus: 'Well faring is
the Blessed One's Order of Disciples, righteously, wisely, and dutifully: that
is to say, the four pairs of men, the eight classes of persons. The Blessed One's
Order of Disciples is worthy of honor, of hospitality, of offerings, of
veneration -- the supreme field for meritorious deeds in the world.'
"And he possesses virtues that are dear to the Noble Ones, complete
and perfect, spotless and pure, which are liberating, praised by the wise,
uninfluenced (by worldly concerns), and favorable to concentration of mind.
10. "This, Ananda, is the teaching called the Mirror of the Dhamma,
whereby the noble disciple may thus know of himself: 'There is no more rebirth
for me in hell, nor as an animal or ghost, nor in any realm of woe. A
stream-enterer am I, safe from falling into the states of misery, assured am I
and bound for Enlightenment.'"
The Four Great References
Maha parinibbána Sutta (Digha Nikáya Sutta 16) & Anguttara
Nikáya Sutta 4.180
7. And there the Blessed One addressed the bhikkhus, saying: "Now,
bhikkhus, I shall make known to you the four great references. Listen and pay
heed to my words." And those bhikkhus answered, saying:
"So be it, Lord."
8-11. Then the Blessed One said: "In this fashion, bhikkhus, a
bhikkhu might speak: 'Face to face with the Blessed One, brethren, I have heard
and learned thus: This is the Dhamma and the Discipline, the Master's
Dispensation'; or: 'In an abode of such and such a name lives a community with
elders and a chief. Face to face with that community, I have heard and learned
thus: This is the Dhamma and the Discipline, the Master's Dispensation'; or:
'In an abode of such and such a name live several bhikkhus who are elders, who
are learned, who have accomplished their course, who are preservers of the
Dhamma, the Discipline, and the Summaries. Face to face with those elders, I
have heard and learned thus: This is the Dhamma and the Discipline, the
Master's Dispensation'; or: 'In an abode of such and such a name lives a single
bhikkhu who is an elder, who is learned, who has accomplished his course, who
is a preserver of the Dhamma, the Discipline, and the Summaries. Face to face
with that elder, I have heard and learned thus: This is the Dhamma and the
Discipline, the Master's Dispensation.'
"In such a case, bhikkhus, the declaration of such a bhikkhu is
neither to be received with approval nor with scorn. Without approval and
without scorn, but carefully studying the sentences word by word, one should
trace them in the Discourses (Suttas) and verify them by the Discipline
(Vinaya). If they are neither traceable in the
Discourses (Suttas) nor verifiable by
the Discipline, one must conclude thus: 'Certainly, this is not the Blessed
One's utterance; this has been misunderstood by that bhikkhu -- or by that
community, or by those elders, or by that elder.' In that way, bhikkhus,
you should reject it. But if the sentences concerned are traceable in the
Discourses (Suttas) and verifiable by the Discipline (Vinaya), then one must
conclude thus: 'Certainly, this is the Blessed One's utterance; this has been
well understood by that bhikkhu -- or by that community, or by those elders, or
by that elder.' And in that way, bhikkhus, you may accept it on the first,
second, third, or fourth reference. These, bhikkhus, are the four great
references for you to preserve."
“Whatever
Dhamma-Vinaya I have pointed out and formulated for you, that will
be your Teacher when I am gone."
In the Maha
parinibbána Sutta (Digha Nikáya Sutta 16),
Then the Blessed One said to Ven. Ananda, "Now, if it
occurs to any of you -- 'The teaching has lost its authority; we are without a
Teacher' -- do not view it in that way. Whatever Dhamma-Vinaya I
have pointed out and formulated
for you, that will be your Teacher when I am
gone." This is a very important statement the significance of which has
been overlooked by many Buddhists. Because many Buddhists have not heard this
advice or grasped its significance, they search far and wide for a teacher; a
teacher they can be proud of and brag about his attainments, etc.. Some even
travel halfway round the world or more in such a search. These people create
personality cults based on the perceived goodness of the teacher rather than on
the Dhamma-Vinaya itself.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Digha%20Nikaya/dn-16.htm
Nikayas is also known as Agama Sutras in the Mahayana
Buddhism
Nowadays, the
Buddha’s teachings are often referred to as Tipitaka or Tripitaka (Three
Treasuries), although they were called "Dhamma-Vinaya" by the Buddha
in the discourses. In Maha parinibbána Sutta (Digha Nikáya Sutta 16) & Anguttara
Nikáya Sutta 4.180, the
Buddha specifically refers to Dhamma as the Suttas (discourses). Vinaya
is the disciplinary code of monks and nuns. In the Nikáyas, it is also implied
that the Suttas are "Saddhamma" which means "true Dhamma".
In Anggutarra Nikaya
8.51,(Refer also to The First Sangha Council-The Thera Mahakassapa has made the
blessed Buddha’s message to endure 500 years - from the Mahavamsa book) the
Buddha warned that the true Dhamma would remain unadulterated for 500 years after his passing into
Nibbána. Thereafter, it will become very difficult to distinguish the
true teachings from the false. Why? Because although many of these later books
contain a lot of Dhamma, some adhamma (i.e. what is contrary to the Dhamma) are
added here and there. These alterations scattered throughout these texts are
only noticeable if one is sharp and very well versed in the earliest suttas.
Otherwise, one would find it very difficult to distinguish the later books from
the earlier ones.
Analogy
to Gold Trading
In this same Sutta, the Buddha likened this
situation to gold trading. He said that at that time people still wanted to buy
gold because only pure gold was being sold in the market. But one day, people
would make counterfeit gold of such quality that it would be indistinguishable
from real gold. Under these circumstances, people will become wary. They will
be reluctant to buy gold because they are afraid what they buy may be
counterfeit gold. In the same way, the Buddha said in the future the Dhamma
would become polluted. When that happens, it will be very difficult to
distinguish the true Dhamma from the false, and people will lose interest in
the Dhamma. Therefore, we must take the trouble to find out what is the true
Dhamma, and not become confused.
Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 5.88
(The Buddha Gave Us This Warning For The Future)
It is possible that
a world-renowned monk of very senior status, with a huge following of lay &
monastic disciples & who is highly learned in scriptures, can have wrong
views.
Sure this is not the word of
that Exalted One, Arahant, the Fully Enlightened One
“In this case.
“Monks, a monk might say : “Face to face with the Exalted One, your reverence,
your reverence, did I hear it; face to face with him did I receive it. This is
Dhamma, this is Vinaya, this is the Master’s teaching.” Now, monks, the words
of that monk are neither to be welcomed nor scorned, but without welcoming,
without scorning, the words & syallables are to be closely scrutinized,
laid beside Sutta & compared with Vinaya. If, when
thus laid beside Sutta & compared with Vinaya, they lie not along with
Sutta & agree not with Vinaya, to this conclusion must ye come: Sure this
is not the word of that Exalted One, Arahant, the Fully Enlightened One, &
it was wrongly taken by that monk. So reject it, monks. Maha parinibbána
Sutta (Digha Nikáya Sutta 16) & Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 4.180
The
Disappearance Of The Discourses That Are Words(Sutta) Of The Buddha
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn20-7.htm
"… in the course of the future there will be
monks who won't listen when discourses that are words of the Tathagata -- deep,
deep in their meaning, transcendent, connected with emptiness -- are being
recited. They won't lend ear, won't set their hearts on knowing them, won't
regard these teachings as worth grasping or mastering. But they will listen
when discourses that are literary works -- the works of poets, elegant in
sound, elegant in rhetoric, the work of outsiders, words of disciples -- are
recited. They will lend ear and set their hearts on knowing them. They will
regard these teachings as worth grasping & mastering. "In this way the
disappearance of the discourses that are words of the Tathagata -- deep, deep
in their meaning, transcendent, connected with emptiness -- will come about.
Therefore, monks, train yourselves thus: To these
very Suttas will we listen, give a ready ear, understand, recite and master
them." Samyutta Nikaya Sutta XX.7
The
Cause The True Dhamma Does Not Last A Long Time
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/an7-56.htm
“…when a Tathagata
has become totally unbound, the monks, nuns, male lay followers, & female
lay followers live without respect, without deference, for the Teacher (The
Buddha); live without respect, without deference, for the Sutta(The Buddha’s
Teachings)... the Sangha (community of The Buddha’s disciples and not any
particular monk)... the Training(Vinaya/Discipline/Virtue)... concentration
(samadhi/Jhanna in meditation)... heedfulness; live without respect, without
deference, for hospitality. This is the cause, this is the reason why, when a
Tathagata has become totally unbound, the true Dhamma does not last a long
time” (Anguttara Nikaya Sutta VII.56, Samyutta Nikáya Sutta 16.13)
In
Buddhism there are no dogmas or beliefs that one has to accept on blind faith
without question
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/an3-65.htm
(Dhammapada,
115) Better it is to live one day seeing the Supreme Truth
than
to live a hundred years without ever seeing the Supreme Truth.
http://Dhammapada.Buddhistnetwork.com http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Dhammapada2all
'Monks, those monks
who point out what is not Dhamma as Dhamma,-such conduct of theirs is to the
loss of many folk, to the misery of many folk, to the loss, the injury, the
misery of devas and mankind. Moreover, such beget great demerit & cause the
disappearance of this TRUE Dhamma.
Those monks who
point to Dhamma as not Dhamma ... who point to what is not the Discipline as
the Discipline... to what is the Discipline as not the Discipline... who point
out things not uttered & proclaimed by the Tathagatahim as having been
uttered by him...... who point out what was uttered and proclaimed by him as
not having been so uttered & proclaimed... who point out something not
practised by the Tathagatha as having been practised by him... and the reverse...
who point out what was not ordained by the Tathagatha as having been ordained
by him... and the reverse... such monk' conduct is to the loss of many folk, to
the misery of many folk, to the loss, injury and misery of devas and mankind.
Moreover, such monks beget great demerit and cause the disappearance of this
true Dhamma' - Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 1.10
Anguttara Nikaya
Sutta 1.12 On unpardonable offences etc ‘Those monks who point to what is not
an offence as being an offence… to an offence as not being such… to a slight
offence as being a serious offence… to a serious as being slight… to an offence
against chastity as not being such… to what is no offence against chastity as
an offence… who point to a partial offence as a complete one… to a complete offence
as a partial one…to a pardonable offence as unpardonable and the reverse…such…
cause the disappearance of this true Dhamma.
‘Those monks who
point out what is not Dhamma as not Dhamma,- such conduct of theirs is to the
profit of many folk, to the good, profit and happiness of devas and mankind.
Moreover, such monks beget great merit and establish this true Dhamma. Those
monks who point out what is Dhamma as being such… to what is not the Discipline
as not being such (the whole the reverse of the above sutta)… the conduct of
those monks is to the profit …’
Lohicca Sutta (Digha
Nikaya 12) – A non-Buddhist poses some good questions: If Dhamma is
something that one must realize for oneself, then what is the role of a
teacher? Are there any teachers who don't deserve some
sort of criticism? The Buddha's reply includes a sweeping summary of the
entire path of practice.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Digha%20Nikaya/dn-12.htm
"there are these
three sorts of teacher who are worthy of criticism in the world, and when
anyone criticizes these sorts of teachers, the criticism is true, factual,
righteous, & unblameworthy. Which three?
"There is the case
where a certain teacher has not attained the goal of the contemplative
life for which one goes forth from the home life into homelessness.
"In the same way,
when these five hindrances are not abandoned in himself, the monk regards it as
a debt, a sickness, a prison, slavery, a road through desolate country. But
when these five hindrances are abandoned in himself, he regards it as
unindebtedness, good health, release from prison, freedom, a place of security.
Seeing that they have been abandoned within him, he becomes glad. Glad, he
becomes enraptured. Enraptured, his body grows tranquil. His body tranquil, he
is sensitive to pleasure. Feeling pleasure, his mind becomes concentrated.
(The Four Jhanas)
When a disciple of a teacher attains this sort of grand distinction,
Lohicca, that is a teacher not worthy of criticism in the world, and if anyone
were to criticize this sort of teacher, the criticism would be false,
unfactual, unrighteous, & blameworthy.
(Insight Knowledge)
"With his mind thus concentrated (Jhanna), purified, & bright,
unblemished, free from defects, pliant, malleable, steady, & attained to
imperturbability, he directs and inclines it to knowledge & vision.
Maha-satipatthana Sutta - Digha Nikaya 22 "And what is the noble truth of the path of practice leading to the
cessation of stress? Just this very noble eightfold path: right view, right
resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right
mindfulness, right concentration.
"And what is right concentration? There is the case where a monk -- quite
withdrawn from sensuality, withdrawn from unskillful (mental) qualities --
enters & remains in the first jhana: rapture
& pleasure born from withdrawal, accompanied by directed thought &
evaluation. With the stilling of directed thought & evaluation, he enters
& remains in the second jhana: rapture &
pleasure born of composure, unification of awareness free from directed thought
& evaluation -- internal assurance. With the fading of rapture he remains
in equanimity, mindful & alert, physically sensitive of pleasure. He enters
& remains in the third jhana, of which the
Noble Ones declare, 'Equanimous & mindful, he has a pleasurable abiding.'
With the abandoning of pleasure & pain -- as with the earlier disappearance
of elation & distress -- he enters & remains in the fourth jhana: purity of equanimity & mindfulness,
neither pleasure nor pain. This is called right concentration.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Digha%20Nikaya/dn-22.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/digha/dn22.html
Anguttara Nikaya Sutta
3.43 Qualities
‘Monks, the clear seeing of
3 qualifications is essential for one who teaches Dhamma to others. What three?
He who teaches Dhamma must be able to penetrate the letter and spirit thereof.
He who hears Dhamma must do likewise. Both teacher and listener must be able to
do both of these. These are the three …’
Anguttara Nikaya Sutta
3.44 Respect
‘In three respect, monks, a
(religious) talk is profitable. What three? When he who teaches Dhamma and he
who listens and both alike are able to penetrate both the spirit and the letter
thereof’
Anguttara Nikaya Sutta
4.1.2 Fallen Away
‘Monks, he who possesses
not four qualities is said to be fallen away from this Dhamma-discipline. What
four?
He who possesses not the
Ariyan virtue (sila/precepts) … the Ariyan concentration (samadhi/4 Jhannas with
other Noble 8 fold path) … the Ariyan wisdom(Contempletion/Vipassana) … the
Ariyan release is said to be fallen away from this Dhamma-discipline. These are
the four …
Nowadays, the
Buddha’s teachings are often referred to as Tipitaka or Tripitaka (Three
Treasuries), although they were called "Dhamma-Vinaya" by the Buddha
in the discourses. In Anguttara Nikáya Sutta 4.180, the Buddha specifically
refers to Dhamma as the Suttas (discourses). Vinaya is the disciplinary code of
monks and nuns. In the Nikáyas, it is also implied that the Suttas are
"Saddhamma" which means "true Dhamma".
The Boddhisatta or Arahant
is praised by The Buddha?
"Bhikkhus, associate Sariputta and Moggallana.
They are wise and helpful to those leading the holy life.
Sariputta is like the mother who gives birth and
Moggallana is like the father. Sariputta trains until the fruition of the entry
into the stream of the Teaching and Moggallana until the highest aim is attained. Bhikkhus,
Sariputta can announce, detail, establish and explain the four noble truths. "
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-141.htm
Maha-Saccaka Sutta
(Majjhima Nikaya 36) -- The Greater Discourse to Saccaka - "Before my
Awakening, when I was still an unawakened Bodhisatta
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-36.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/majjhima/mn036.html
Samyutta Nikaya
12.65 "Monks, before my Awakening,
when I was just an unawakened Bodhisatta,
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn12-65.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn12-065.html
Anguttara Nikaya
Sutta 1.13.1
‘Monks, there is one
person whose birth into the world is for the welfare of many folk, for the
happiness of many folk : who is born out of compassion for the world, for the
profit, welfare of devas and mankind. Who is that one person? It is a
Tathagatha who is Arahant, a fully Enlightened One. This, monks is that one
person.
‘Monks, I do not
know of any other single person who so perfectly keeps rolling the wheel supreme
of Dhamma set rolling by the Tatagatha as doth Sariputta. Sariputta, monks, is
the one who perfectly keeps rolling…’ Chief among those great wisdom is
Sariputta. … of supernormal powers is Great Moggallana. … who uphold minute
observance of forms is Kassapa the Great. … who are clairvoyant, is Anuruddha.
… who are wide knowledge, is Ananda … of retentive memory, is Ananda. … of good
behaviour, is Ananda
Anguttara Nikaya
Sutta 2.12.1 - 'The believing monk, if he would aspire perfectly, should thus
aspire : May I be like Sariputta and Mongollana. Monks, these are a sort of
scale and standard (whereby estimate) my disciples who are monks,-
namely,Sariputta and Mongollana.
Anguttara Nikaya
Sutta 2.6 - ‘Monks, these two persons born into the world are born to the
profit and happiness of many, to the profit, happiness and welfare of many
folk. What two? A Tatagatha, an Arahant who is a Fully Enlightened One, and a
world-ruling monarch. These are two so born. Monks, these two persons born into
the world are worthy of a relic shrine. What two? (As above) Monks, these two
are enlightened. What two? A Tatagatha, an Arahant who is a Fully Enlightened
One, and one enlightened for himself.
[Majjhima Nikaya
Sutta 55] Jivaka Sutta: To Jivaka
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-55.htm
The Buddha explains the regulations he has laid down concerning meat-eating and
defends his disciples against unjust accusations.
Anguttara Nikaya Sutta
3.45 Duties
‘Monks, these three things
have been enjoyed by the wise and good. What three? Charity, going forth (from
the home to the homeless life, support of mother and father. These are the
three duties.
Giving and harmlessness and
self-restraint,
Control of sense and
service to the parents
And holy ones who live the
righteous life,-
If any one be wise to do
these things
By good men favoured, he an
Ariyn
Clear sighted, will attain
the world of bliss.
Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 3.103 Lamentation
‘This, monks, is reckoned
to be lamentation in the discipline of the Ariyan, namely, singing. This is
reckoned as causing madness in the discipline of the Ariyan, namely, dancing.
This is reckoned as childishness in the discipline of the Ariyan, namely,
immoderate laughter that displays the teeth.
Wherefore, monks, away with
the bridge that leads to singing and dancing! Enough for you, if you are
pleased righteously, to smile just to show your pleasure.’
Anguttara Nikaya Sutta
4.3.22 A Foolish Elder Or A Wise Elder ?
‘… Then,
monks, I thought to myself: In truth these reverend ones understand not either
the elder, or the things which make an elder.
Though a
man be old, monks, eighty or ninety or a hundred years of age, yet if he be one
who speaks out of due season, who speaks things untrue and unprofitable, things
contrary to Dhamma and contrary to Discipline: if he be one who utters words
unworthy to be treasured in the heart, words unseasonable and void of reason,
words undiscriminating and not concerned with welfare,-then that one is
reckoned just a foolish elder.
Though a
man be young, monks,- a youth, a mere lad, black haired and blessed with his
lucky prime, one in the first flush in life,- if he be one who speaks in due season,
who speaks things true and profitable, things according to Dhamma and
Discipline: if he be one who utters words worthy to be treasured in the heart,
words seasonable, reasonable, discriminating and concerned with welfare,- then
that one is reckoned a wise elder.
Now,
monks, there are these four things which make the elder. What four? Herein a
monk is virtuous, perfect in obligations, restraint of the obligations, perfect
in the practice of right behaviour, seeing danger in the slightest faults. He undertakes
and trains himself in the training of the precepts, he has learned, is full up
with learning, is a accumulate of learning. Those doctrines which, lovely at
the beginning, lovely in the middle, lovely at the end (of life) both in the
meaning and the letter of them, which preach the utterly fulfilled, the
perfectly purified way of the Noble-life, -
such doctrines are much heard by him, borne in mind, repeated aloud,
pondered over and well penetrated by his vision. The four stages of Jhanna
which are of the clear consciousness, which are concerned with the happy life
in this very world,- these he wins easily, without effort. By the destruction
of the asavas, in this very life thoroughly understanding the heart’s release,
the release by wisdom, he realizes it, attains it and dwells therein.
These
monks, are the four things which make the elder.
Anguttara Nikaya
Sutta 3.42 ‘Monks, a believer is to be recognized by 3 characteristics. What 3?
He desires to see the virtuous; he
desires to hear Saddhamma (true dhamma/Suttas); with heart free from taint of
stinginess he dwells at home, a generous giver, clean handed, delighting in
giving up, one ask a favour of, one who delights to share gifts with others. By
these 3 characteristics a believer is to be recognized as such.
Let him desire to
see the virtous, Let him desire to hear Saddhamma preached, Let him remove the
taint of stinginess, If he would be by men “believer” called.’
Mahavamsa
– The 1st Sangha Council (The Original Suttas& Whole Dhamma)
http://www.budsas.org/ebud/mahavamsa/chap003.html
There are many pressures in the world today to
modify the Teachings of the Buddha. The Buddha foresaw that this would happen
and warned his disciples to be careful to maintain the practice just as he had
taught them. Ven. Maha-Kassapa convened the First Buddhist Council shortly
after the Buddha's demise in order to rehearse the Teachings.
Then
the thera (Mahakassapa) taking (the task) upon himself questioned concerning
the dhamma, him the chief of those who had most often heard (the word), him the
treasurekeeper of the Great Seer (the Buddha); and the them Ananda, taking (the
task) upon himself, taking his seat in the preacher's chair, expounded the whole dhamma. And all the (theras) knowing all that
was contained in the doctrine repeated the dhamma in turn after the sage of the
Videha country.
Thus
in seven months was that compiling of the dhamma to save the whole world
completed by those (theras) bent on the whole world's salvation. 'The thera
Mahakassapa has made the blessed Buddha's message to endure
five hundred years,' rejoicing in this thought, at the end of the
council, the earth encircled by the ocean trembled six times and many wondrous
signs were shown in the world in many ways. Now since the canon was compiled by
the theras it was called the ' Thera tradition.' The theras who had held the
First Council and had (thereby) brought great blessing to the world, having
lived their allotted span of life, entered, all, into nibbana.
Mahavamsa
– The 2nd Sangha Council
the
history of Mahasanghika / Mahayana (The Great Community bikkhus)
http://www.budsas.org/ebud/mahavamsa/chap004.html
Let us consider what happened after the Buddha’s
passing away. About 100 years after the Buddha passed into Nibbána, conflict
(bhikkus of the Vajji-clan who did shamelessly teach the 10 points were lawful)
arose among the monks (Yasa & theras; All free from Asavas or known as
Arahant nowadays with the bhikkus of the Vajji-clan (- which bears the name
Mahasamghika (The Great Community bikkhus) in the The Third Sangha Council ).
The Second Sangha Council (eleven hundred ninety thousand bikkhus under Thera
Revata) was consequently called to resolve these differences. Ten points were
disputed, one of which concerned whether we should always follow the advice of
our Teacher. In this case, it was decided that
if a monk's teachings or instructions were in accordance with the Buddha's
teachings (i.e. the earliest Suttas and Vinaya), then his words should be
followed. However, if his instructions contradicted the Buddha's teachings,
they should be ignored.
Mahavamsa
– The 3rd Sangha Council (The Mahasamghika)
http://www.budsas.org/ebud/mahavamsa/chap005.html
THAT redaction of the
true dhamma, which was arranged at the beginning by the great theras
Mahäkassapa and others, is called that of the theras. One and united was the
school of the theras in the first hundred years. But afterwards arose other
schools of doctrine.' The heretical bhikkhus, subdued by the theras who had
held the Second Council, in all ten thousand, founded the school which bears
the name Mahasamghika.
The TRUE Dhamma is embodied in the earliest discourses
of the Buddha found in the Digha, Majjhima, Samyutta and Anguttara Nikáyas, and
the six books of Khuddaka Nikáya (is also known as Agama Sutra in the Mahayana
Buddhism)(These Nikáyas are generally accepted by all schools of
Buddhism to be the original teachings of the Buddha, unlike other books which
are controversial because they contain some contradictions with the Nikáyas. The earliest discourses in the Nikáyas are very
consistent and contain the flavor of liberation from suffering. Khuddaka
Nikáya, the fifth, is the "minor" or "small" collection.
Although termed "small", it is in fact the largest as more and more
books have been added to it over the years. It has grown to fifteen books in
the Thai and Sri Lankan versions. In 1956, the Sangha Council in Burma added
another three books, which are not the Buddha’s own words. These three
additions are Milinda Panha, Petakopadesa and Nettipakarana. This is how the
Khuddaka Nikáya grew from a minor collection to become a major collection! In
the future, say in 500 or 1,000 years’ time, this would definitely create even
more confusion. Out of the eighteen books now, probably only six are reliable
in that they do not contradict the four Nikáyas. These six reliable books are
the Dhammapada, Sutta Nipata, Theragatha, Therigatha, Itivuttaka and Udana.
Ven. Dhammavuddho
Thero - http://vbgnet.org
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Dhammapada2all
http://www.accesstoinsight.org http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/suttanta40.htm
In
the Maha parinibbána Sutta (Digha Nikáya Sutta 16),
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn54-013.html
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Digha%20Nikaya/dn-16.htm
which details the demise of the Buddha, the Buddha
advised the monks: "Whatever Dhamma (Sutta)-Vinaya
I have pointed out and formulated
for you, that will be your Teacher when I am
gone." This is a very important statement the significance of which
has been overlooked by many Buddhists. Because many Buddhists have not heard
this advice or grasped its significance, they search far and wide for a
teacher; a teacher they can be proud of and brag about his attainments, etc..
Some even travel halfway round the world or more in such a search. These people
create personality cults based on the perceived goodness of the teacher rather
than on the Dhamma-Vinaya itself.
Again,
in Digha Nikáya Sutta 16, the Buddha said: "Monks, be a lamp unto
yourselves, be a refuge unto yourselves, with no
other refuge. Take the Dhamma as your lamp, take the
Dhamma as your refuge, with no other refuge." In other words, we
should depend solely on ourselves and on the Buddha’s words. In the Suttas, the
Buddha referred to a monk as a kalyanamitta (good friend). A monk is a good
friend who introduces you to the Buddha’s teachings and encourages you in the
spiritual path. It is you, however, who have to take the three refuges (i.e.
dependence) in the Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha. But nowadays, some people have
added a fourth refuge (i.e. refuge in a monk or a teacher) which contradicts
the Buddha’s teachings. This is made very clear in the Suttas.
[Digha Nikáya Sutta 7] Jaliya Sutta - Where
is Soul? Same as the body or separate?
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Digha%20Nikaya/dn-7.htm
[Digha Nikáya Sutta 20] Mahasamaya Sutta- The
Great Meeting (Is Asura Lower Realm/Place than Human?)
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Digha%20Nikaya/dn-20.htm
A large group
of devas pay a visit to the Buddha. This sutta is the closest thing in the Pali
Canon to a "who's who" of the deva worlds, providing useful material
for anyone interested in the cosmology of early Buddhism.
Universal Reality Or Truth Of
Existence Proclaimed By The Buddha
Buddhas arise in the
world once in a very long time, at a time when the world is plunged in the
darkness of ignorance of the Reality or Truth of existence. Self-enlightened by their own ardent efforts, they
bring the light of knowledge to the world. A Buddha is one who is ‘awakened’ or
‘enlightened’ to the Truth concerning the universe. Although born as a human
being, after his enlightenment a Buddha cannot be considered as a human,
heavenly being or any type of being. This is because he has totally relinquished
the ego or Self which all beings cling to. His state surpasses all beings in
the universe.
All Buddhas preach the same message: “Avoid evil,
do good, purify the mind.”
The Law of kamma is
a Universal Truth which applies equally to all living beings irrespective of whether they ‘take the precepts’ or
not, and whether they know or not. The Buddha did not preach only for Buddhists
but for all beings. Also, the Buddha said whether a Buddha appears in the world
or not, there are these established conditions of Dhamma, these fixed Laws of
Dhamma, eternal Truths which apply all the time. It is because living beings
are unaware of them that the Buddha teaches and reveals them to us. Whether we
listen to Dhamma or not, we are still bound by these fixed laws. Anyone who
does evil and harms has to suffer as a result, just as anyone who does good and
benefits reaps a happy consequence.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/an3-137.htm
Heavenly life not
eternal. Heavenly beings, with lifespans of
millions of years, also die unsatisfied with ambitions unfulfilled, according
to the Buddha. When beings die discontented, their flames of desire are
unquenched. Thus rebirth occurs and the cycle of existence continues.
The danger of sensual pleasures is that it leads to
craving for more and more of it. Also sensual pleasures are not permanent but
will end one day when one’s blessings are used up.
The
folly or vanity of sensual pleasures is that the desire for it cannot be
satisfied. Living beings immersed in sensual pleasures have a one sided view of
life as only pleasurable. Not knowing that there are sorrowful places of
rebirth that await them, they do not see the urgency to cultivate blessings, by
doing good and avoiding evil, or to strive to get out of the cycle of rebirths;
instead they continue to use up the blessings they have accrued.
Just
so few number are those beings who, deceasing as men, are reborn among the
devas … who, deceasing as devas, are reborn among the devas… who, deceasing as
devas, are reborn among men : more numerous are those beings who, deceasing as
devas, are reborn in Purgatory (unhappy/woeful place – ghost,animal &
hell)… Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 1.19
"Thus
they meet with their downfall through sensual pleasures. Then, having met with
their downfall through sensual pleasures, with the break-up of the body, after
death, they go to a bad bourn, destitution, the realm of the hungry shades,
hell. There they experience sharp, burning pains.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-45.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/majjhima/mn045.html
The Buddha said we have passed through innumerable
lives in the cycle of existence, and the tears we have shed in pain and
suffering are more than the waters of the four oceans. One day we will realize
that the only way to escape from this unsatisfactory cycle is to renounce all
desire for worldly pleasures.
Ratthapala Sutta
(Majjhima Nikaya Sutta 82) -- About Ratthapala
In this excerpt, Ratthapala recalls four
observations about the world that prompted him, as a healthy and wealthy young
man, to leave the household life and become a monk.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-82.htm
www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/majjhima/mn082.html
Chiggala Sutta
(Samyutta Nikaya Sutta 56.48) -- The Hole
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn56-48.htm
www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn56-048.html
Here is the Buddha's
famous simile of the blind sea-turtle, illustrating the precious rarity of this
human birth.
Ariyan Eightfold
Path (traveled by the Rightly Self-awakened Ones of former times.- Samyutta
Nikaya 12.65)
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn12-65.htm
www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn12-065.html
(i) Right View
Right View is the understanding of the Four Ariyan Truths.
It includes having the right view or understanding of the law of kamma-vipaka.
Right View is attained by listening to the Dhamma(Sutta), and having thorough
consideration or attention. A person with Right View is already an Ariya. There
is a state of cessation of dukkha called nibbana. In passing into parinibbana,
nothing is eternalized nor is anything annihilated. (Samyutta Nikaya 22.85) http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn22-85.htm
Majjhima Nikaya
Sutta 149:
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/majjhima/mn149.html
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-149.htm
The Buddha says here
that when a person develops the Noble Eightfold Path fully, the 37 requisites
of enlightenment are also developed fully, and samatha and vipassana occur in
him working evenly together.
4 Ariyan (Noble) Truth Proclaimed By The Buddha
The First Ariyan Truth: Dukkha ( noble truth of
unpleasantness )
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-141.htm
Then venerable
Sariputta soon after the Blessed had left, addressed the bhikkhus. ‘Bhikkhus,
the Thus Gone One worthy, rightfully enlightened set rolling the Teaching not
to be interrupted by a recluse, a brahmin, a god, Mara, Brahma or anyone in the
world, announcing, detailing establishing and explaining the four noble truths.
"Friends,what
is the noble truth of unpleasantness? Birth is unpleasant. So too are decay,
death, grief, lament, unpleasantness, displeasure and distress. Unfulfilled
desires are also unpleasant. In short the five holding masses are unpleasant.
Friends, what is
birth? The conscious birth in the womb of that and other group of beings,
appearing of the masses and the gain of the mental faculties is birth.
Friends, what is
decay? The breaking up of the body, grayness of hair, wrinkling of the skin,
the decrease of the life span and maturing of the mental faculties in this and
other group of beings is decay.
Friends, what is
death? The disappearing, falling away, breaking up, apparent death, end of the
life span, the falling apart of the masses and laying down the body of this and
other group of beings is called death.
Friends, what is
grief? Faced with one or the other kind of disaster, the grievous thoughts
stricken by grief and the resulting internal and severe grief is called grief.
Friends, what is
lament? Faced with one or the other kind of disaster, the grievous laments stricken
by grief and the resulting loud and soft laments are called lamenting.
Friends, what is
unpleasantness? Unpleasant, disagreeable feeling born of unpleasant
disagreeable bodily contact (*1) is called unpleasantness.
Friends, what is
displeasure? Unpleasant, disagreeable feeling born of unpleasant disagreeable
mental contact (*2) is called displeasure.
Friends, what is a
disturbed condition? Faced with one or the other kind of disaster, the arising
unpleasant thoughts cause a disturbed condition that is troublesome and
disturbing. This is called a disturbing condition.
Friends, what are
unfulfilled desires that are unpleasant? Beings have such desires about birth.
May birth not be to me. In this way non-birth does not come. It is not
obtainable by desiring. This is an unfulfilled desire, which is unpleasant.
Beings have such desires about decay. May decay not be to me. In this way
non-decay does not come. It is not obtainable by desiring. This is an
unfulfilled desire, which is unpleasant. Beings have such desires about ailing.
May ailments not come to me. In this way non-ailing does not come. It is not
obtainable by desiring.
This is an
unfulfilled desire that is unpleasant. Beings have such desires about death.
May death not be to me. In this way deathlessness does not come. It is not
obtainable by desiring. This is an unfulfilled desire, which is unpleasant.
Beings have such desires about grief, lament, unpleasantness, displeasure and
disturbed conditions. May grief, lament, unpleasantness, displeasure and
disturbed conditions not come to me. In this way non-grief, non-lament,
pleasantness, pleasure and the undisturbed condition do not come. They are not
obtainable by desiring. These are unfulfilled desires, which are unpleasant.
Friends, how are the
five holding masses in short unpleasant? In short the five holding masses of
matter, feelings, perceptions, determinations and consciousness are unpleasant
(*3).
Friends, this is the
noble truth of unpleasantness. ”
XV. Anatamagga-samyutta
-- The unimaginable beginnings of samsaara and transmigration
Assu Sutta (Samyutta
Nikaya Sutta 15.3) -- Tears - "Which is greater, the tears you have shed
while transmigrating and wandering this long, long time... or the water in the
four great oceans?"
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn15-3.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn15-003.html
Danda Sutta
(Samyutta Nikaya Sutta 15.9) -- The Stick - We bounce from one birth to the
next, as a thrown stick bounces along the ground.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn15-9.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn15-009.html
Duggata Sutta
(Samyutta Nikaya Sutta 15.11) -- Fallen on Hard Times - When you encounter an
unfortunate person, remember: you've been there, too.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn15-11.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn15-011.html
Sukhita Sutta
(Samyutta Nikaya Sutta 15.12) -- Happy - When you encounter a fortunate person,
remember: you've been there, too.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn15-12.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn15-012.html
Mata Sutta (Samyutta
Nikaya Sutta 15.14-19) -- Mother - It's hard to meet someone who has not been,
at some time in the distant past, your mother, father, son, daughter, sister,
or brother.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn15-14.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn15-014.html
The Second Ariyan Truth: Cause ( the arising of
unpleasantness)
"Friends, what is
the noble truth, of the arising of unpleasantness? The interest and greed to be
again and again, rejoicing in sensuality, in desires ‘to be’ and desires ‘not
to be’. To this is called the noble truth of the arising of unpleasantness.
"
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-141.htm
The Third Ariyan Truth: Cessation (cessation of
unpleasantness)
"Friends, what
is the noble truth, of the cessation of unpleasantness? Non-greed without
anything left behind, the cessation, giving up the settlements of that same
greed, is called the noble truth of the cessation of unpleasantness.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-141.htm
“There is a state of
cessation of dukkha called nibbana”. This is the Third Ariyan Truth proclaimed
by the Buddha. The Buddha declared “Nibbana is the highest bliss” even though
there is cessation of all perception and feeling when one experiences nibbana.
The Buddha explained: “Nay, monks, the Tathagata does not recognize bliss
merely because of pleasurable sensation, but monks, wherever bliss is attained,
there and there only does the Accomplished One recognize bliss.” Parinibbana.
In passing into parinibbana, nothing is eternalized nor is anything annihilated
because even here and now in this very life there is no core of unchanging self
(Samyutta Nikaya Sutta 22.85) this body and mind is a constant flux.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn22-85.htm
The Fourth Ariyan Truth: Path (path and method for the
cessation of unpleasantness)
Maha parinibbána
Sutta (Digha Nikáya Sutta 16), …
the Blessed One said, "In any doctrine & discipline where the noble
eightfold path is not found, no contemplative of the first... second...
third... fourth order [stream-winner, once-returner, non-returner, or Arahant]
is found. But in any doctrine & discipline where the noble eightfold path is
found, contemplatives of the first... second... third... fourth order are
found. The noble eightfold path is found in this doctrine & discipline, and
right here there are contemplatives of the first... second... third... fourth
order. Other teachings are empty of knowledgeable contemplatives. And if the
monks dwell rightly, this world will not be empty of Arahants."
"Friends, what
is the noble truth, of the path and method for the cessation of unpleasantness?
This same noble Eight-fold path, such as right view, right thoughts, right
speech, right actions, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and
right concentration is called the noble truth, of the path and method for the
cessation of unpleasantness.
Friends, what is
right view? Recognizing unpleasantness, its arising, its cessation and the path
and method leading to the cessation of unpleasantness is called right view.
Friends, what are
right thoughts? Thoughts, of giving up sensuality, turning away from anger and
turning away from hurting are called right thoughts.
Friends, what is
right speech? Abstaining from lies, slandering, rough speech and frivolous
speech is called right speech.
Friends, what is
right action? Abstaining from, destroying living things, taking the not given
and misbehaving in sexual needs is called right action.
Friends, what is
right livelihood? Here the noble disciple refrains from wrong livelihood and
leads a livelihood that is right. This is called right livelihood.
Friends, what is
right effort? Here, the bhikkhu arouses interest, puts forth effort and makes
the mind spring forward. For the non arising of non-arisen evil thoughts of
demerit, for the dispelling of arisen evil thoughts of demerit, for the arousing
of non arisen thoughts of merit and for the non deluded establishment,
development and completion of arisen thoughts of merit. This is called right
effort.
Friends, what is
right mindfulness? Here the bhikkhu is zealously mindful and aware to dispel
covetousness and displeasure in the world, reflecting, the body in the body,
the feeling in feelings, the mental state in the mind and the thought in
thoughts. This is called right mindfulness.
Friends, what is
right concentration? Here the bhikkhu forsaking sensuality and evil thoughts,
with thoughts, discursive thoughts and joy and pleasantness born of seclusion
abides in the first jhana. Overcoming thoughts and discursive thoughts, the
mind internally appeased and concentrated in one point, and with joy and
pleasantness born of concentration abides in the second jhana.. Again the
bhikkhu abides mindful and aware with equanimity to joy and detachment, with
the body experiencing pleasantness too (*4) and abides in the third jhana.
To this the noble
ones say abiding in pleasantness mindful of equanimity. Again the bhikkhu
dispelling pleasantness and unpleasantness and earlier having dispelled
pleasure and displeasure and with mindfulness purified with equanimity abides
in the fourth jhana. To this is called right mindfulness.
Friends, this is the
noble truth of the path and method for the cessation of unpleasantness."
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn22-85.htm
Ariyan Eightfold Path
(traveled by the Rightly Self-awakened Ones of former times.- Samyutta Nikaya
Sutta 12.65) “...Just this”
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn12-65.htm
www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn12-065.html
(i) Right View
Right View is the
understanding of the Four Ariyan Truths. It includes having the right view or understanding
of the law of kamma-vipaka. Right View is attained by listening to the
Dhamma(Sutta), and having thorough consideration or attention. A person with
Right View is already an Ariya. There is a state of cessation of dukkha called
nibbana. In passing into parinibbana, nothing is eternalized nor is anything
annihilated. (Samyutta Nikaya Sutta 22.85)
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn22-85.htm
Samyutta Nikaya
Sutta 12.65 - an
ancient path, an ancient road, traveled by the Rightly Self-awakened Ones of
former times. … Just this noble eightfold path
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn12-065.html
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn12-65.htm
"Monks, before my Awakening, when I was just an
unawakened Bodhisatta, the realization came to me: 'How this world has fallen
on difficulty! It is born, it ages, it dies, it falls away & rearises, but
it does not discern the escape from this stress, from this aging & death. O
when will it discern the escape from this stress, from this aging & death?'
"In
the same way I saw an ancient path, an ancient road,
traveled by the Rightly Self-awakened Ones of former times. And what is
that ancient path, that ancient road, traveled by the Rightly Self-awakened
Ones of former times? Just
this noble eightfold path: right view, right aspiration, right speech,
right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right
concentration. That is the ancient path, the ancient road, traveled by the
Rightly Self-awakened Ones of former times. I followed that path. Following it,
I came to direct knowledge of aging & death, direct knowledge of the
origination of aging & death, direct knowledge of the cessation of aging
& death, direct knowledge of the path leading to the cessation of aging
& death. I followed that path. Following it, I came to direct knowledge of
birth... becoming... clinging... craving... feeling... contact... the six sense
media... name-&-form... consciousness, direct knowledge of the origination
of consciousness, direct knowledge of the cessation of consciousness, direct
knowledge of the path leading to the cessation of consciousness. I followed
that path.
"Following
it, I came to direct knowledge of fabrications, direct knowledge of the
origination of fabrications, direct knowledge of the cessation of fabrications,
direct knowledge of the path leading to the cessation of fabrications. Knowing
that directly, I have revealed it to monks, nuns, male lay followers &
female lay followers, so that this holy life has become powerful, rich,
detailed, well-populated, wide-spread, proclaimed among celestial & human
beings."
Saccavibhanga
Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya Sutta 141) -- Discourse on The Analysis of the Truths
Ven. Sariputta gives a detailed explanation of the Four Noble Truths.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-141.htm
www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/majjhima/mn141.html
Sammaditthi Sutta
(Majjhima Nikaya Sutta 9) -- The Discourse on Right View A long and important
discourse by Ven. Sariputta, with separate sections on the wholesome and the
unwholesome, nutriment, the Four Noble Truths, the twelve factors of dependent
origination, and the taints.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-9.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/majjhima/mn009.html
Vera Sutta
(Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 10.92) -- Animosity What it takes for a lay person to
become a stream-winner.
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/anguttara/an10-092.html
Majjhima Nikaya
Sutta 149:
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-149.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/majjhima/mn149.html
The
Buddha says here that when a person develops the Noble Eightfold Path fully,
the 37 requisites of enlightenment[33] are also developed fully, and samatha
and vipassana occur in him working evenly together.
Nowadays, the
Buddha’s teachings are often referred to as Tipitaka or Tripitaka (Three Treasuries),
although they were called "Dhamma-Vinaya" by the Buddha in the
discourses. In Anguttara Nikáya Sutta 4.180, the Buddha specifically refers to Dhamma as the Suttas
(discourses). Vinaya is the disciplinary code of monks and nuns. In the
Nikáyas, it is also implied that the Suttas are "Saddhamma" which
means "true Dhamma".
Nikayas is also known as Agama Sutra in the Mahayana
Buddhism
1. Digha Nikaya Suttas
Collection of Long Discourses of the Buddha.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/suttanta10.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/digha/index.html
2. Majjhima Nikaya Suttas
3. Collection of Medium Length Discourses of the Buddha
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/suttanta20.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/majjhima/index.html
http://www.saigon.com/~anson/ebud/majjhima/index.htm
http://www.budsas.org/ebud/majjhima/index.htm
3. Samyutta Nikaya Suttas
Collection of the Kindred Sayings
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/suttanta30.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/samyutta/index.html
4. Anguttara Nikaya Suttas
A Collection of Gradual Sayings
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/suttanta40.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/anguttara/index.html
http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/index.html
http://uk.oocities.com/bhikkhu_samahita/Canon/Sutta/AN/Numerical.htm
5. Khuddaka Nikaya Suttas
The Smaller Collection
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/suttanta50.htm
http://www.saigon.com/~anson/ebud/ebsut027.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/khuddaka/index.html
http://www.budsas.org/ebud/ebsut027.htm
Kamma (Karma) Vs Prayers, Praise & Vows
Paccha-bhumika Sutta
(Samyutta Nikaya Sutta 42.6) -- [Brahmans] of the Western Land
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn42-6.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/index.html
The Buddha explains
how the principles of kamma and rebirth are as inviolable as the law of
gravity. Choose your actions with care, lest you sink like a stone!
--
because of the prayers, praise, & circumambulation of that great crowd of
people -- at the break-up of the body, after death, reappear in a good
destination, the heavenly world?"
The
Blessed One (Buddha), worthy & rightly self-awakened, can arrange it so
that all the world, at the break-up of the body, after death, reappears in a
good destination, the heavenly world.?"
"So
it is with any man who takes life, steals, indulges in illicit sex; is a liar,
one who speaks divisive speech, harsh speech, & idle chatter; is greedy,
bears thoughts of ill-will, & holds to wrong views. Even though a great
crowd of people, gathering & congregating, would pray, praise, &
circumambulate with their hands palm-to-palm over the heart -- [saying,] 'May
this man, at the break-up of the body, after death, reappear in a good
destination, the heavenly world!' -- still, at the break-up of the body, after
death, he would reappear in destitution, a bad destination, the lower realms,
hell.
Mahayana
Sutra :
THE
REAL MEANING OF PURE LAND
http://www.purifymind.com/drfu24.htm
PURE Land means No
Land, and No Land means No Mind, No Mind means Pure Mind, when the mind is pure,
the rebirth in pure land will be the next step.
THE
real way of chanting the name of Buddha is to destroy the attachment or
delusion first, then reaching the realm of chanting the name of Buddha of
“without form or sign”. In this realm of “without form or sign”, the result of
chanting the name of one Buddha equals the result of chanting the name of all
Buddhas in ten directions(space) and three times(past, present, and future).
CHANTING
the name of Buddha with “without form or sign”, one means all and all means
one, one chanting means all chanting, chanting means no chanting and no
chanting means chanting, to awaken to the truth with seeing or touching
anything, this is the elevation of spirit of Samadhi (putting together,
composing the mind, intent contemplation, perfect absorption, union of the
meditator with the object of meditation).
DIAMOND
Sutra says: {If they want to see me with form, or talk to me with sound, they
are going the wrong way, and cannot see me (get enlightened)}. Therefore, the
difference between Mahayana and Hinayana is the attachment. The practitioners
of Pure Land should understand that we have to purify our mind with our own
effort, Buddhas cannot destroy the attachment or delusion for us. We have to
get rid of all kinds of delusion and attachment our selves, then the mind is
pure and the land is pure, the utmostjoy is here.
The
Buddha Sikyamoni once said "The repetition of the name Amitabha Buddha is
meritorious only if thou speak it with such a devout attitude of mind as will
cleanse thy heart and attune thy will to do works of righteousness."
Nibbana
Sutta (Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 9.34) -- Unbinding Ven. Sariputta explains to
Ven. Udayin how even the most exquisitely refined and beautiful mental states
are beset with dukkha; only Nibbana itself can truly be called
"pleasant."
"Furthermore,
there is the case where a monk, with the complete transcending of the dimension
of neither perception nor non-perception, enters & remains in the cessation
of perception & feeling. And, having seen [that] with discernment, his
mental fermentations are completely ended. So by this line of reasoning it may
be known how Unbinding is pleasant."
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/an9-34.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/anguttara/an09-034.html
HAPPINESS :
DhammapadaVerse 204.
Health is the greatest gift, contentment is the greatest wealth, a trusted
friend is the best relative, Nibbana is the greatest bliss.
MANGALA SUTTA VANANA
- What is Blessing; and what constitutees Highest Blessing?
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-library/mangalasutta1.html
Sigalovada Sutta
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Digha%20Nikaya/dn-31.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/digha/dn31.html
The Discourse to
Sigala --The Layperson's Code of Discipline
"Dice, women,
liquor, dancing, singing, sleeping by day, sauntering at unseemly hours, evil
companions, avarice -- these nine[5] causes ruin a man.
Thus spoke the
Exalted One. And when the Master had thus spoken, he spoke yet again:
The
friend who appropriates, the friend who renders lip-service, the friend that
flatters, the friend who brings ruin, these four as enemies the wise behold,
avoid them from afar as paths of peril.
Kathavatthu Sutta
(Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 10.69) -- Topics of Conversation. The Buddha presents
ten wholesome topics of conversation as an alternative to gossip.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/an10-69.htm
Jivaka Sutta
(Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 8.26) -- To Jivaka (On Being a Lay Follower)
The Buddha explains
how a lay follower can best work for the welfare of others.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/an8-26.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/anguttara/an08-026.html
KAMMA & REBIRTH :
Vipaka Sutta
(Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 8.40) -- Results
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/an8-40.htm
www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/anguttara/an08-040.html
The Buddha describes
the unpleasant consequences of not sticking to the precepts.
(*) Only we can help
ourselves. - Bhikkhu Dhammavuddho
http://vbgnet.org/vbgnet/resource/articles/art6.asp
The Buddha's Words
on Kamma
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/bps/wheels/wheel248.html
Four Discourses of
the Buddha from the Majjhima Nikaya
Subha Sutta -
Majjhima Nikaya Sutta 99
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-99.htm
http://www.budsas.org/ebud/majjhima/099-subha-e1.htm
Cula-kammavibhanga
Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya Sutta 135) -- The
Shorter Exposition of Kamma Why do some people live a long life, but others die
young? Why are some people born poor, but others born rich? The Buddha explains
how kamma accounts for a person's fortune or misfortune.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-135.htm
Saleyyaka Sutta
(Majjhima Nikaya Sutta 41) -- The Brahmans of Sala
The Buddha explains to a group of brahman
householders how one's present actions -- by body, speech, and mind --
determine one's future fortune .... they said to the Blessed One: "Master
Gotama, what is the reason, what is the condition, why some beings here, on the
dissolution of the body, after death, reappear in states of deprivation, in an
unhappy destination, in perdition, even in hell; and what is the reason, what
is the condition, why some beings here, on the dissolution of the body, after
death, reappear in a happy destination, even in the heavenly world?"
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-41.htm
www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/majjhima/mn041.html
How To Get Good
Results From Doing Merit
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-library/goodresult1.html
before doing merit,
one should have will and intention and feel happy with the merit we are going
to do.
the
intention-in-between.
The most important
thing in doing merit is one’s will and intention. No matter how much the alms cost or how great in quality and quantity,
the alms has to be morally pure, we must have good intentions, and the one who
receives it has to be pure and have good intentions too. If all the three
components are united correctly, then we will receive a great deal of merit.
That means we always feel happy whenever thinking or talking about the alms
giving we have done.
After that we should
extend our good feelings, which means
dedicating our merit and wishing all beings to be well and happy like we feel
in that good experience.
Devaduta Sutta -
Under World (Majjhima Nikaya Sutta 130)-The Heavenly Messengers.
The Buddha describes
the sufferings of hell which await the evil-doer after death.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-130.htm
http://www.saigon.com/~anson/ebud/majjhima/130-devaduta-e.htm
Tirokudda Kanda (Khp
7) -- Hungry Shades Outside the Walls
Dedication to our
Departed Next-of-Kin
Tirokudda Sutta,
Khuddaka Nikaya ~ Ven Indaratana Thera~
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-library/tirokudda.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/khuddaka/khp/index.html
Important points on theTirokudda Sutta
1. People are born as petas due to evil actions they
have performed.
2. Only the petas who know that their condition can
be solved by the receiving of the dedication of merits to them, are able to
begin to find a way to solve their suffering. Merits (punna) are the only
things that departed next-of-kin petas can receive in order that they can help
themselves; not joss-sticks, sacrificial livestock, wine, chanting of mantras,
etc.
3. Petas are not spirits but are real beings
inhabiting one of the 31 planes of existence.
4. As the Ariya Sangha is the unsurpassable field of
merit, the offering of alms to the Buddha and his Sangha and the dedication of
the merits therefrom to the petas is the most effective way.
THE DHAMMAPADA
STORIES
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Dhammaduta_Unit/links
Buddha's Teachings with appropriate similes
and real life stories, translated and edited
by the Burma Pitaka Association.
THE DHAMMAPADA
STORIES - Part 1 of 2 (Chapter 1-XIII ) (463kb)
http://oocities.com/dhammapada2all/dhammapada1.html
THE DHAMMAPADA
STORIES - Part 2 of 2 (Chapter XIV - XXVI )
(407kb)
http://oocities.com/dhammapada2all/dhammapada2.html
(3,839KB) Treasury
of Truth - Dhammapada (Text Version) — Ven. W.
Sarada Maha Thero.
http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/dhammapadatxt1.pdf
(Dhammapada, 190-191.) He who has gone for refuge to
the Buddha, the Teaching and his Order, penetrates with transcendental wisdom the
Four Noble Truths -- suffering, the cause of suffering, the cessation of
suffering, and the Noble Eightfold Path leading to the cessation of suffering.
http://web.ukonline.co.uk/buddhism/verses.htm
THE WORD OF THE
BUDDHA - Venerable Nyanatiloka Mahathera
An Outline of the teachings of the Buddha in the
words of the Pali canon.
http://buddhistinformation.com/the_word_of_the_buddha.htm
The Five Mental
Hindrances - Compiled and Translated by
Ńanamoli Thera As Taught by the Buddha in the Pali Canon
http://buddhistinformation.com/five_mental_hindrances_and_their.htm
Lord Buddha's
Disciples http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Dhammaduta_Unit/links
(The Life of)
Maha-Moggallana,
A biography of the Buddha's second chief disciple,
whom the Buddha praised for his supranormal knowledge and psychic powers.
Buddha's
Constant Companion - Ven. Ananda
Maha
Kaccana: Master of Doctrinal Exposition
Maha
Kassapa: Father of the Sangha,
The
Life of Sariputta
A biography of the "Marshal of the
Dhamma," the Buddha's chief disciple, whom the Buddha praised for his deep
wisdom, humility, patience, and forbearance.
MEDITATION :
In
the Maha parinibbána Sutta (Digha Nikáya Sutta 16), which details the demise of the Buddha, the
Buddha advised the monks: "Whatever Dhamma-Vinaya I have pointed out and formulated
for you, that will be your Teacher when I am
gone."
(Dhammapada, 276.) You yourselves must strive; the
Buddhas only point the way. Those meditative ones who tread the path are
released from the bonds of Mara.
Verse 282. Indeed, wisdom is born of meditation;
without meditation wisdom is lost. Knowing this twofold path of gain and loss
of wisdom, one should conduct oneself so that wisdom may increase.
Verse 32. A bhikkhu who takes delight in mindfulness
and sees danger in negligence will not fall away*; he is, indeed, very close to
Nibbana.
Yuganaddha Sutta (Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 4.170) --
In Tandem Ven. Ananda describes the paths to arahantship by which insight
(vipassana) and tranquillity (samatha) work hand-in-hand.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/an4-170.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/anguttara/an04-170.html
Ananda Sutta
(Samyutta Nikaya Sutta 54.13) -- To Ananda (on Mindfulness of Breathing) The
Method taught & recommended by Exalted One, Arahant, the Fully Enlightened
One to ALL the monks & practiced by Himself. (attainment of first Jhanna till fourth Jhanna and above)
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn54-13.htm
http://http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn54-013.html
The Buddha explains
to Ven. Ananda how the sustained practice of mindfulness of breathing
(anapanasati) leads, by stages, to full Awakening.
Majjhima
Nikaya Sutta 14: 'Even though a noble disciple has seen clearly as it actually
is with proper wisdom how sensual pleasures provide little gratification, much
suffering . . . , as long as he still does not attain to the delight and
pleasure that are apart from sensual pleasures, apart from unwholesome states
(the first jhana) or to something more peaceful than that (the higher jhanas),
he may still be attracted to sensual pleasure.'
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-14.htm
No jhana, the wrong
path. Right concentration is the Four Jhanas,
the eighth factor of the Noble Eightfold Path. When jhana is attained, the Five
Hindrances are eliminated. This is the type of meditation praised by the Buddha
because it is conducive to liberation, Nibbana. In Majjhima Nikaya 31, 'a
superhuman state, a distinction in knowledge and vision worthy of the noble
ones' is defined as the first jhana . . . second jhana . . . third jhana . . .
fourth jhana . . . .' To say that jhana is not necessary is the same as saying
that right concentration is not necessary for liberation. In effect, this means
we are only practising a sevenfold path, which is not the path laid down by the
Buddha to win Nibbana.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-31.htm
In Samyutta Nikaya Sutta 16.13, this is mentioned as
one of the factors leading to the disappearance of the true Dhamma. Thus in
Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 6.64 the Buddha said: 'Concentration is the path;
no-concentration, the wrong path.'
Jhanas are Halfway Stations to Nibbana
The reason the
jhanas are necessary for arahantship is because they are halfway stations to
Nibbana.
Nibbana
is a completely cooled state where the six types of consciousness (of the eye,
ear, nose, tongue, body and mind) have ceased totally. Jhana is a cooled state where
perceptions of sensual pleasures cease. It is also a cooled state because the
mind is not agitated at all but very collected.
Anguttara
Nikaya Sutta 9.33: The Buddha says concerning jhana: 'Where sensual pleasures
end (the state of jhana) and those who have ended sensual pleasures so abide --
surely those venerable ones are without craving, cooled (nibbuta), crossed over
and gone beyond with respect to that factor, I say.'
Digha
Nikaya Sutta 13: The Buddha says that if a person does not behave like Brahma
in this life, how can he expect to be reborn as Brahma in the next life?
Similarly, let us consider the state of Nibbana. The Buddha says: 'Nibbana is
the highest bliss.'[27] Now jhanas are states of great bliss and delight. If a
person cannot attain jhana, a state of great bliss and delight, which surpasses
divine bliss[28] , how can he expect to attain the highest bliss of Nibbana? http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Digha%20Nikaya/dn-13.htm
Majjhima
Nikaya Sutta 53: 'When a noble disciple has thus become one who is possessed of
virtue, who guards the doors of his sense faculties, who is moderate in eating,
who is devoted to wakefulness, who possesses seven good qualities, who obtains
at will, without trouble or difficulty, the Four Jhanas that constitute the
higher mind and provide a pleasant abiding here and now, he is called one in
higher training who has entered upon the way . . . . He is capable of breaking
out, capable of enlightenment, capable of attaining the supreme security from
bondage.'
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-53.htm
Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 5.3.28: 'Monks, I will teach
you how to develop the five factored ariyan right concentration . . . Monks,
take the case of a monk who, aloof from sensual pleasures, enters and abides in
the first jhana . . . second jhana . . . third jhana . . . fourth jhana . . . .
The contemplation (meditation) sign is rightly attended to by the monk . . . .
Monks, when a monk has thus developed and strengthened the five-factored ariyan
right concentration, he can incline his mind to realize by higher knowledge
whatever condition is so realizable, and become an eyewitness in every case,
whatever the range may be.'
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/an5-28.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/anguttara/an05-028.html
No jhana, no
asava-destruction. As the suttas describe, the
most important of the six higher knowledges (abhinnas), which include various types
of psychic power, is asava-destruction -- the attainment of arahantship.
Asavas, as explained earlier, mean uncontrolled mental outflows. So an arahant
is one whose uncontrolled mental outflows have ceased permanently. Jhana is a
state where the uncontrolled mental outflows cease temporarily. For instance,
unwholesome thoughts cease in the first jhana; and all thoughts cease, a state
of 'ariyan silence', in the second and higher jhanas. If one cannot attain
jhana and cause the asavas to cease temporarily, how can one possibly make the
asavas cease permanently?
Advice to indulge in
Jhana. In Majjhima Nikaya Sutta 66, the Buddha describes the bliss of jhana:
'This is called the bliss of renunciation, the bliss of seclusion, the bliss of
peace, the bliss of enlightenment. I say of this kind of pleasure that it
should be pursued, that it should be developed, that it should be cultivated,
that it should not be feared.'
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-66.htm
The Buddha further explains in Digha Nikaya Sutta
29: '. . . these four kinds of life devoted to pleasure which are entirely
conducive to disenchantment, to dispassion, to cessation, to Nibbana. What are
they? . . . the first jhana . . . second jhana . . . third jhana . . . fourth
jhana . . . . So if wanderers from other sects should say that the followers of
the Sakyan are addicted to these four forms of pleasure-seeking, they should be
told: 'Yes', for they would be speaking correctly about you . . . .
Well
then, those who are given to these four forms of pleasure-seeking -- how many
fruits, how many benefits can they expect? . . . They can expect four fruits .
. . they become a sotapanna . . . sakadagami . . . anagami . . . arahant . . .
.'
Samatha and Vipassana
In the practice of
right recollection, one can either recollect one object or several objects.
Recollection of one object, e.g. recollection of the breath (anapanasati),
leads to tranquility and concentration of mind -- the precondition for wisdom.
Recollection of several objects, e.g. body, feeling, mind and Dhamma, leads to
wisdom -- provided there is concentration of mind[29] , and also the other
factors of the Noble Eightfold Path.
Generally
speaking, recollection of one object is called samatha, tranquility meditation,
and recollection of several objects is called vipassana, contemplation
meditation.[30]
Nowadays
there is a popular belief that Buddhist meditation consists only of vipassana.
However, even a nodding acquaintance with the suttas should make it clear that
samatha is also an important and integral part of it. In fact in Samyutta
Nikaya Sutta 54.1.8 and 54.2.1 the Buddha said that before enlightenment, and
even after that, he would generally spend his time on intent recollection of
breathing, calling it 'The Ariyan way of life, the best of ways, the
Tathagata's way of life'. Both samatha and vipassana are needed for final
liberation. But the order of practice is not important. One can practise
samatha or vipassana first, or practise them simultaneously.
The necessity of both samatha and vipassana is obvious from the following suttas:
Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 4.170: In this sutta,
Venerable Ananda says that monks and nuns who informed him that they had
attained arahantship all declared that they did so by one of the four
categories, i.e. there are only these four ways to arahantship:
o Samatha followed by vipassana - after which the
path is born in him/her,
o Vipassana followed by samatha[31] - after which
the path is born in him/her,
o Samatha and vipassana together, simultaneously -
after which the path is born in him/her, and
o The mind stands fixed internally (i.e. on the
cognizant consciousness or 'self') until it becomes one-pointed[32] - after
which the path is born in him/her.
Majjhima Nikaya Sutta 43: After right view is
attained, five other supporting conditions are necessary for final liberation,
namely:
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-43.htm
o Morality (sila),
o Listening to the
Dhamma (dhammasavana),
o Discussion of the
Dhamma (dhammasakaccha),
o Tranquility meditation
(samatha), and
o Contemplation
meditation (vipassana).
Majjhima Nikaya
Sutta 149: The Buddha says here that when a person develops the Noble Eightfold
Path fully, the 37 requisites of enlightenment[33] are also developed fully,
and samatha and vipassana occur in him working evenly together.
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/Majjhima%20Nikaya/mn-149.htm
Samyutta Nikaya
Sutta 35.204: Here the Buddha gives the parable of a swift pair of messengers
(samatha and vipassana) who bring the message of reality (Nibbana).
Anguttara
Nikaya Sutta 9.4 and 10.54: These two suttas also say that both samatha and
vipassana are necessary.
Role
of Samatha and Vipassana. Charity (dana) and morality (sila) are the positive
and negative aspects of doing good. Likewise, samatha and vipassana can be said
to be the positive and negative aspects of meditation. Samatha, which results
in the attainment of jhana, is the positive aspect which brings one closer to
Nibbana, jhanas being halfway stations to Nibbana. Vipassana is the negative
aspect, because one sees everything in the world as it is with proper wisdom
thus: 'This is not mine, this I am not, this is not my self'[34] -- as a result,
one will naturally withdraw from and let go of the sensory world. In other
words, samatha meditation pulls one towards Nibbana, in contrast to vipassana
meditation, which pushes one away from the world.
In
summary, we need to fully cultivate and develop both samatha and vipassana, as
well as all the other factors in the Noble Eightfold Path for final liberation.
To say that the Buddha's way of meditation is samatha or vipassana meditation
only misrepresents the Buddha.
The Importance of Understanding the Suttas
Attaining Right View. The importance of
understanding the earliest suttas, found in the nikayas, cannot be
overemphasized.[35] Why? Because they are the authoritative means for right
view. It is said in Majjhima Nikaya 43 that right view arises from listening to
the Dhamma and having thorough consideration. Gaining right view is crucial
because it is synonymous with becoming an ariya.[36] Thus the Buddha put right
view as the first factor of the Noble Eightfold Path, saying that the cultivation
of the Noble Eightfold Path starts with right view.[37] Hence we see in the
Suttas and Vinaya that every person who attained stream-entry (first path
ariya) did so by listening to the Dhamma. After right view is attained, five
other supporting conditions are necessary for final liberation -- among them,
listening to the Dhamma and discussing the Dhamma. This means that to practise
meditation without studying the discourses (suttas) is a great mistake if one's
aim is liberation from suffering.
Liberation. In addition, Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 5.26
gives the five occasions when liberation is attained:
o
Listening to the Dhamma,
o Teaching the Dhamma,
o Repeating the Dhamma,
o Reflecting on the Dhamma, and
o Some concentration sign (samadhi nimitta) is rightly
reflected upon and understood.
Of these five occasions, only the last possibly
refers to formal meditation. This shows that understanding the Dhamma is of
paramount importance for liberation. Two synonymous Pali terms frequently recur
in the suttas: (i) bahusacca - much hearing of the Truths (Dhamma), and (ii)
bahussuta - much hearing of Dhamma. And in Majjhima Nikaya Sutta 53, bahussuta is said to be one of the
possessions of a noble one.
Penetrative
insights only possible with jhana. We find in the suttas that people often
attained the various levels of ariyahood while listening to the Dhamma,
especially the sotapanna stage. Depending on how developed their mind is, i.e.
the degree of concentration they possess, their attainment corresponds to their
concentration level when they heard the Dhamma. Thus one without jhana could
become a sotapanna or sakadagami on hearing, teaching, repeating or reflecting
on the Dhamma; whereas another possessing jhana would have become an anagami or
arahant. Why? Because they possess the pure and developed mind, owing to jhana
with its supports and requisites, for penetrative insights to be possible.
Chapter One of the Mahavagga (Vinaya-pitaka) makes
this quite clear. After the Buddha converted 1,000 matted-hair ascetics
(jatilas) to become his disciples, he preached to them the Adittapariyaya
Sutta, whereupon all 1,000 of them became arahants. Thereafter the Buddha
brought them to Rajagaha, where King Bimbisara led 12 nahutas of lay people to
visit the Buddha. According to Pali dictionaries, a nahuta is 'a vast number, a
myriad'; and according to the Vinaya Commentary is 10,000. The Buddha gave them
a graduated discourse on the Dhamma, basically on the Four Noble Truths, and
all 12 nahutas (120,000) of them attained the Dhamma-eye -- the first path
ariya attainment. Some of them may have practised meditation, but it is highly
improbable that everyone in this large number of people would have done so.
LIV.
Anapana-samyutta -- Mindfulness of breathing (Anapanasati) Samyutta Nikaya
Sutta 54.13
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn54-13.htm
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn54-013.html
Silavant Sutta
(Samyutta Nikaya Sutta 22.122) -- Virtuous
Ven. Sariputta
explains how every meditator, from beginner to arahant, should contemplate the
five aggregates (khandha).
Practical Advice for
Meditator’s By Bhikkhu Khantipalo
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-tipitaka/sn22-122.htm
www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn22-122.html
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THE CHRONICLE OF BUDDHA GOTAMA http://groups.yahoo.com/group/The_Buddha
Buddhist Mahayana Texts
http://buddhistinformation.com/buddhist_mahayana_texts.htm
The Complete Tao Te Ching [Non-Buddhist Reference
Book] Translated by R. Muller http://buddhistinformation.com/complete_tao_te_ching.htm
dhammatimes.com http://www.dhammatimes.com
The Dhamma Times is a daily cyber publication of
global Buddhist news and happenings. Using the internet as a medium, it aims to
create awareness of Buddhist related reports and further into propagating the
Dhamma through publishing good Buddhist articles.
(*) Beyond Belief.
(A Buddhist view On Bible)A. L. De Silva
http://www.budsas.org/ebud/beyond/beyond01.htm
(*)Good Question,
Good Answer. Bhikkhu S. Dhammika
http://www.budsas.org/ebud/goodqa/goodqa-00.htm
(*) What Buddhists Believe. Venerable K. Sri
Dhammananda Mahathera
http://www.budsas.org/ebud/whatbudbeliev/main.htm
Manual of Zen Buddhism By Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki
http://buddhistinformation.com/manual_of_zen_buddhism.htm
Translated by Burton
Watson http://www.quangduc.net/English/Maha/lotus00.html
The Four Sublime
States - Contemplation on Love, Compassion, Sympathetic Joy and Equanimity
~ Ven Nyanaponika
Thera
http://www.mahindarama.com/e-library/4sublimestate.html
The Practice of
Loving-Kindness (Metta)
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/bps/wheels/wheel007.html
As Taught by the Buddha in the Pali Canon - Compiled
and Translated by Ńanamoli Thera
Metta in the Buddha's teaching finds its place as the
first of four kinds of contemplation designed to develop a sound pacific
relationship to other living beings. The four are: metta, which will be
rendered henceforward by "loving-kindness," karuna, which is
"compassion" or "pity," mudita which is "gladness at
others' success," and upekkha, which is "onlooking equanimity."
These four are called Divine Abidings (brahma-vihara), perhaps because whoever
can maintain any one of them in being for even a moment has lived for that
moment as do the Highest Gods (the Brahma Deva).
From the Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 5:161 (spoken by the
Buddha)
I would like to share the merits I have gathered
today as well as in the past with the Devas, invite all beings from the
thirty-one realms (bhumis) to come and share merit whenever a good deed is
done. May they rejoice in these merits and keep an eye on me and my loved ones.
I would also like to transfer these merits to my departed relatives and
friends. Wherever they are, may they be free from suffering and be happy.
Sadhu, Sadhu, Sadhu
Adam Chua (Webmaster) dhammapada2all@yahoo.com
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Remember
to share the Buddha's Teachings (Dhamma) with your friends!
You
can get merits with that.
(10)
The Story of the Questions Raised by Sakka, king of the devas (gods)
While
residing at the Jetavana monastery, the Buddha uttered Verse (354) of this
book, with reference to four questions raised by Sakka, king of the devas.
On
one occasion, at a meeting of the devas in the Tavatimsa realm, four questions
were raised, but the devas failed to get the correct answers. Eventually, Sakka
took these devas to the Buddha at the Jetavana monastery. After explaining
their difficulty, Sakka presented the following four questions:
(a)
Among gifts, which is the best?
(b) Among tastes, which is the best?
(c) Among delights, which is the best?
(d) Why is the eradication of craving said to be the
most excellent?
To
these questions, the Buddha replied, "Oh Sakka, the Dhamma is the noblest
of all gifts, the best of all tastes and the best of all delights. Eradication
of Craving leads to the attainment of arahatship and is, therefore, the
greatest of all conquests."Dhammapada Verse 354.
At
the end of the discourse, Sakka said to the Buddha, "Venerable Sir, if the
gift of the Dhamma excels all gifts why are we not invited to share the merit
whenever gifts of the Dhamma are made? Venerable Sir! I pray that, from now on,
we may be given a share in the merit of good deeds". Then the Buddha asked
all the bhikkhus to assemble and exhorted them to share the merit of all their
good deeds with all beings.
Since
then, it has become a custom to invite all beings from the thirty-one realms
(bhumis) to come and share merit whenever a good deed is done.
The Buddha spoke in verse as follows:
Dhammapada Verse 354. The gift of tile Dhamma excels all gifts; the taste of the Dhamma excels all tastes; delight in the Dhamma excels all delights. The eradication of Craving (i.e., attainment of arahatship) overcomes all ills (samsara dukkha).
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