World History – Mr. O’Donnell

SUCCESSORS OF ROME:
THE PERIPHERY OF FRANCIA,
445-Present

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Introduction

The historically central kingdoms of Francia, besides

1. France proper (West Francia), were
2. Lorraine,
3. Burgundy,
4. Lombardy (or Italy),
5. the East Frankish kingdom that became Germany, and
6. the Pope's domain, the Papal States (originally the Romanian Exarchate of Ravenna), centered on Rome.

These were all part of the Empire of Charlemagne. (Lorraine was only briefly a separate kingdom and then became one of the Stem Duchies of Germany.) The Periphery of Francia thus means the surrounding kingdoms. These naturally fall into six groups.

1. Spain,
2. the British Isles, and the
3. South of Italy, which were all originally parts of the Roman Empire (except for Ireland and northern Scotland),
4. Catholic (and then Protestant) Eastern Europe,
5. Scandinavia, and
6. the Frankish Crusader kingdoms of "Outremer," which came to include the mainland kingdom of Jerusalem, the island kingdom of Cyprus, and the Latin Emperors in Constantinople.

Outremer ("across the sea"), however, considered as part of Mediaeval Romania, and mostly Orthodox or Islâmic in faith, was a kind of colony, and a temporary one, of Francia, not strictly part of the "periphery." All the parts of it ended up conquered by the Turks.

Culturally, the Periphery of Francia is distinguished by the same characteristics detailed for Francia, i.e. the original jurisdiction of the Catholic Church, the use of the Latin language and alphabet, etc. Some of these areas seem more peripheral than others. Spain became the center of European power in the 16th century, and Britain in the 19th. All the great wars of the 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, however, originated in the Core of Francia and then drew in the Peripheral states. An exception to all this was when Scandinavia was the center, if not of European power, certainly of the most energetic of European events. That stretched from the 9th to the 11th centuries, the "Second Dark Age." The Scandinavians of that period, Vikings (then Normans) in the West and Varangians (then Russians) in the East, were still pagan, and their raids and conquests were a threat everywhere in Francia. Christianization in the 10th and 11th centuries largely brought the threat to a close, except for the more conventional conquests of the Normans and Russians.

My sources for all these tables are often given with the specific tables. A discussion of general sources is given under Francia.

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Index

• The Kings of Spain and Portugal, 718 AD-Present
• Counts of Aragón
• Counts of Castile
• Spanish & Portuguese Colonial Possessions
• The Pillars of Hercules
• Aztec Tlatoani
• Viceroys of New Spain
• Governors of Cuba
• The Incas
• Viceroys of Peru
• Viceroys of New Granada
• Viceroys of the Rio de la Plata
• The French Kings of Navarre
• Counts of Barcelona
• Presidents of Portugal
• Prime Ministers of Portugal and Spain
• The Kings of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 445 AD-Present
• Kings and Princes of Wales
• God Save the Queen
• British Coins before the Florin, Compared to French Coins of the Ancien Régime
• The Bank of England
• Dukes of Buccleuch, Grafton, & St. Albans, 1663-Present
• Dukes of Marlborough & Earls of Spencer, 1702/1765-Present
• Prime Ministers of Britain, 1721-present
• British Emperors and Viceroys of India, 1876-1947 (1858-1950)
• British Coinage of India, 1835-1947
• The Sun Never Set on the British Empire [contains 81.9K animated GIF file]
• Rule Britannia
• Gibraltar
• Prime Ministers of the Dominions
• Prime Ministers of Canada
• Prime Ministers of New Zealand
• Prime Ministers of Australia
• Waltzing Matilda
• Prime Ministers of South Africa
• Prime Ministers of Ireland
• Prime Ministers of India
• Prime Ministers of Pakistan
• Norman, Anjevian, Aragonese, & Bourbon Counts, Dukes, and Kings of Naples and Sicily
• Dukes of Benevento
• Anjevian and Aragonese Kings of Naples and Sicily
• Savoyard and Bourbon Kings of Naples and Sicily
• Kings of Sardinia
• The Kings of Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland, 845-1795
• Kings of Great Moravia
• Dukes & Kings of Croatia
• Bans & Kings of Bosnia
• Grand Dukes of Lithuania
• Princes of Transylvania
• Dukes & Kings of Bohemia, Hungary, & Poland
• Teutonic and Livonian Knights
• Modern Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Croatia, & Bosnia
• The Kings of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, 588 AD-Present
• Legendary and Early Kings of Scandinavia
• Grand Princes of Kiev
• Counts & Dukes of Schleswig & Holstein
• Swedish and Danish Colonial Possessions
• Modern Finland, Estonia, & Iceland
• Outremer, 1099-1489
• The Kings of Jerusalem and Cyprus, 1099-1489
• Counts of Edessa, 1098-1144
• The Norman Princes of Antioch, 1099-1287
• Counts of Tripoli, 1009-1233
• Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, 1113-present
• Order of the Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, 1118-1314
• The Teutonic and Livonian Knights, 1191-1525
• Latin Emperors of Constantinople, 1204-1261
• Kings of Thessalonica, 1204-1224
• Dukes of Athens, 1205-1456
• Princes of Achaea, 1205-1432
• The State of Israel, 1948-present

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The Kings of England,

Scotland ,

Ireland , and the

United Kingdom ,

445 AD-Present

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The Roman withdrawal from Britain left the island outside of history until literate Anglo-Saxon kingdoms emerged. Three kingdoms of Angles (Northumbria, Mercia, & East Anglia), three of Saxons (Essex, Sussex, & Wessex), and one of the Jutes (Kent) eventually fell to a Kentish King of Wessex, Egbert, who had spent time in exile at the court of Charlemagne. Meanwhile, these invaders had converted to Christianity and become literate.

This was due to the mission of St. Augustine, who was sent by Pope Gregory the Great and founded the see of Canterbury. Meanwhile, however, the rest of the British Isles had already been converted to Christianity. Ireland, which was never Roman and was converted by St. Patrick in the 5th century, developed its own literate Christian culture and, in the person of St. Columba in the 6th century, proceeded to proselytize Scotland. Unfortunately, Ireland was never politically unified enough to follow cultural and religious influence with political power, or to resist incursions from Danes or Normans, or ambitious English dynasties, when they came. The Kings of all Ireland, as opposed to the kings of what later became counties (Munster, Connacht, etc.), were the "High Kings" (Ard Ri). They drew together the smaller kingdoms of the island, but a permanently unified Kingdom of Ireland was never fully established. The reign of Brian Baru, perhaps the high point of Irish unity and power, also seems to be the end of effective Irish organization. Henry II of England, whose Normans began to overrun the island, styled himself "Lord of Ireland" (c. 1172), and in 1541 Henry VIII altered this to "King of Ireland."

The kings of Scotland, starting, under English influence, nearly as early as the kings of a united England, ultimately succeeded to the throne of England itself. Wales, in effect the last piece of Roman Britain, was annexed by England as a principality. The heir to the throne of Britain is still styled the Prince of Wales. Although Britain was never an "empire," Queen Victoria did assume the imperial title for India, as successor to the Moghuls, in 1876. The House of York is shown in white as a reminder that York was the White Rose, as Lancaster was the Red Rose, in the War of the Roses. Since the House of Stuart was Scottish, it is shown in yellow for Scotland.

The earliest history and dates for Ireland are legendary and speculative. Niall Noígillach "of the Nine Hostages" may have lived in the previous century, and the dates given for St. Patrick depend on identifying him with a "Palladius," who is mentioned by a contemporary chronicler as having been sent by the Pope as the first bishop of the Irish. If Patrick was not this person, he would have lived shortly thereafter.

I have found an outstanding source for all British and Irish rulers, and some other royalty and nobility, in The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens by Mike Ashley [Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc., New York, 1998, 1999]. The treatment of Anglo-Saxon and Irish kings now has been corrected and updated using this book down to the end of the Plantagenets. The Irish (Gaelic) spelling of many of the names of the High Kings of Ireland, however, is derived from Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies. I have only given two English kingdoms, Kent and Wessex, because these are the first and the last ones, respectively -- and there is no room for the parallel listing of more. Other kingdoms, Essex and Mercia, may be seen temporarily holding Kent. As in Ireland, what were originally local kingdoms simply became counties in the later united monarchy.

Kings of Kent Jutes		Kings of Wessex Saxons		High Kings of Ireland
				Niall Noígillach of the Nine Hostages	379-405, Tara
				Dathi/Nath I	405-428
Hengest	c.455-488			Lóeguire macNéill	429-463
				St. Patrick, mission to Ireland, 432; d. 461
Oisc, Oeric (Aesc)	c.488-516			Ailill Motl mac Nath I	463-483
Octha	c.516-540	Cerdic	c.538-554	Lugaid macLóeguiri O'Néill	483-507
				Muirchertach macErcae O'Néill	507-534
Eormenric	c.540-580	Cynric	c.554-581	Tuathal Máelgarb macCorpri Cáech O'Néill	534-544
				Diarmait macCerbaill O'Néill	544-565
				St. Columba, mission to Scotland, 563; d. 597
St. AEthelbert I	c.580-616	Ceawlin	c.581-588 d.c.589	Domnall macMuirchertaig O'Néill	565-566
				Forggus macMuirchertaig O'Néill	565-566
				Ainmere macSátnai O'Néill	566-569
				Báetán macMuirchertaig O'Néill	569-572
				Eochaid macDomnaill O'Néill	569-572
				Báetán macNinnedo O'Néill	572-581
		Ceol	588-594	Aed macAinmerech O'Néill	581-598
		Ceolwulf	594-611	Aed Sláine macDiarmato O'Néill	598-604
				Colmán Rímid macBáetáin O'Néill	rival, 598-604
				Aed Uaridnach macDomnaill O'Néill	604-612
St. Augustine of Canterbury, mission to England, 597; d. 605
Eadbald	616-640	Cynegils	611-643	Máel Cobo macAedo O'Néill	612-615
				Suibne Menn macFiachnai O'Néill	615-628
				Domnall macAedo O'Néill	628-642
Earconbert	640-664	Cenwealh	643-672	Conall Cóel macMáele Cobo O'Néill	642-654
				Cellach macMáele Cobo O'Néill	jointly, 642-658
				Diarmait macAedo Sláine O'Néill	jointly, 656-665
				Blathmac macAedo Sláine O'Néill	jointly, 656-665
				Sechnussach macBlathmaic O'Néill	665-671
Egbert I	664-673	Seaxburh	Queen, 672-673	Cenn Fáelad macBlathmaic O'Néill	671-675
Hlothhere	673-685	Aescwine	674-676	Finsnechtae Fledach macDúnchada O'Néill	675-695
		Centwine	676-685, d.?
Eadric	685-686
686-687	Caedwalla (Peter)		685-687 d.688 in Rome
Mul	686-687	Ine	688-726 d.728 in Rome
Sigehere	King of Essex, 687-688
Oswine	688-690
Swaeflheard	689-692
Wihtred	691-725			Loingsech macOengus O'Néill	695-704
				Congal Cinn Magir macFergus Fánat O'Néill	704-710
				Fergal macMáele Dúin O'Néill	710-722 & Ailech
				Fogartach macNéill O'Néill	722-724
				Cináed mac Irgalaig	724-728
AEthelbert II	725-748, c.754-762	AEthelheard	728-740	Flaithbbertach macLoingsig O'Néill	724-734 d.765
				Aed Allán macFergal O'Néill	734-743
Eadberht I	725-c.762			Domnall Midi O'Néill	743-763
Ealric	725-?
Eardwulf	c.748-754	Cuthred	740-756
Sigered	759-763	Sigebert	756-757
Ealhmund	762-764, c.784-785	Cynewulf	756-786
Heaberht	764-c.771			Niall Frossach macFergal O'Néill	763-770 d.778
Egbert II	764-c.784			Donnchad Midi macDomnaill Midi O'Néill	770-797
Offa	King of Mercia, 757-796	Beorhtric	786-802
	c.785-796
Eadberht II	796-798			Aed Oirdnide macNéill Frossach O'Néill	797-819
Cuthred of Mercia	798-807	Egbert	802-839	Conchobar macDonnchado Midi O'Néill	819-833
Mercia, 807-823			King of England, 829-839	Niall Caille macAedo Oirdnide O'Néill	833-846
Baldred	823-825
825-839	AEthelwulf		England, 839-855

Kings of Gwynedd
Rhodri the Great	844-878
Anarawd ap Rhodri	878-916
Idwal the Bald	916-942
Hywel Dda	King of Deheubarth, 920-950
	942-950
Iago ab Idwal	950-979
Ieuaf ab Idwal	950-969
Hywel ap Ieuaf	974-985
Cadwallon ap Ieuaf	985-986
Maredudd ap Owain	King of Deheubarth, 986-999
	986-999
Cynan ap Hywel	999-1005
Llywelyn ap Seisyll	1005-1023
Iago ap Idwal	1023-1039
Gruffydd ap Llywelyn	1039-1063
Bleddyn ap Cynfyn	1063-1075
Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn	1063-1070
Trahern ap Caradog	1075-1081
Gruffydd ap Cynan	1081-1137
Owain Gwynedd	1137-1170
Maelgwyn ab Owain	1170-1173
Dafydd ab Owain	1170-1195, d.1203
Rhodri ab Owain	1170-1190, d.1195
Llywelyn the Great	1195-1240
	Prince of Wales, 1216-1240
Dafydd ap Llywelyn	1240-1246
Llywelyn the Last ap Gryffydd	1246-1282
	Prince of Wales, 1258-1282
Owain ap Gruffydd	1246-1255, 1277-1282
Dafydd ap Gruffydd	1282-1283
Conquest by England, 1283
Edward, II of England	Prince of Wales, 1301-1307
	King of England, 1307-1327

Wales consisted of a number of small kingdoms since at least the 5th century. Gwynedd and Deheubarth became the principal states, with Gwynedd eventually predominating. A united and independent Wales, however, only survived briefly, until Edward I of England definitively annexed the country in 1283. The capital of Wales now is Cardiff, in the south, but Edward built Caernarvon Castle in Gwynedd to control the country. Edward is supposed to have promised the Welsh in 1284 that he would provide a prince for them born in Wales who did not speak a word of English. He then produced his son Edward, just born at Caenarvon, who of course didn't speak a word of anything. Edward was formally invested as Prince of Wales in 1301.

The descent of the Tudors from Welsh royalty is shown, but there are some uncertainties about this. The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens gives it [p.331] as though unproblematic, but Brian Tompsett's Royal and Noble genealogy gives an alternate descent and discusses other uncertainties. While the Welsh derivation of the Tudors is beyond doubt, one suspects that Henry VII or others might not be above manufacturing a royal version of the descent. While the main line of the Tudors died out, it will be noted below that all subsequent British royality is descended from Henry VII through his daughter Margaret and her husband, King James IV of Scotland.

Kings of England Saxons		Kings of Scotland		High Kings of Ireland
AEthelwulf	839-855	Kenneth MacAlpin	840-858	Máel Sechnaill macMáele Ruanaid O'Néill	846-862 Mide
AEthelbald	855-860	Donald I	858-863
AEthelbert	860-865	Constantine I	863-877	Aed Findliath macNéill Caille O'Néill	862-879 Ailech
AEthelred I	865-871	Aed	877-878
Alfred the Great	871-899	Eochaid & Giric I	878-889	Flann Sionna macMáele Sechnaill O'Néill	879-916 Mide
Edward the Elder	899-924	Donald II	899-900	Niall Glúndubh macAedo Findliath O'Néill	916-919 Ailech
Elfweard	924	Constantine II	900-943	Donnchad Donn macFlann O'Néill	919-944
Athelstan	924-939
Edmund I	939-946	Malcolm I	943-954	Ruaidrí ua Canannáin	rival, 944-950
Eadred	946-955	Indulf	954-962	Congalach Cnogba macMáel Mithig O'Néill	944-956
Edwy/Eadwig the Fair	955-959	Dubh	962-c.966	Domnall macMuirchertaig O'Néill	956-980
Edgar	959-975	Cuilean Ring	c.966-971
Edward the Martyr	975-978	Kenneth II	971-995	Máel Sechnaill macDomnaill O'Néill	980-1002, 1014-1022
AEthelred II the Unready	978-1013, 1014-1016	Constantine III the Bald	995-997
Danish occupation, 1013-1014		Kenneth III	997-1005	Brian Bóruma macCennétig, Brian Boru	Munster, 976-1014; High King, 1002-1014
Edmund II Ironside	1016	Giric II	997-1005
Danes		Malcolm II	1005-1034
Canute the Great	1016-1035			Killed in victory over Danes at Clontarf, 1014
	King of Denmark 1018-1035			Donnchad MacBrian	Munster, 1022-1063; d.1064
Harold I	1035-1040	Duncan I	1034-1040
Hardecanute	King of Denmark 1035-1042
	1040-1042

Saxons		MacBeth	1040-1057	Diarmait MacMáil na mBó	1042-1072 Leinster
Edward the Confessor	1042-1066
Harold II	1066	Lulach	1057-1058
Edgar the Aetheling	1066	Malcolm III Canmore	1058-1093
Normans
William I the Conqueror	the Bastard, Duke of Normandy, 1035-1087			Toirdelbach O'Brien	1063-1086 Munster, 1072-1086 High King
	1066-1087	Donald Bane	1093-1094, 1094-1097, d.1099
William II	1087-1100	Edmund	1094-1097, d.?	Domnall macArdgar O'Lochlainn O'Néill	1090-1121 Ailech, Cenél
		Duncan II	1094	Muirchertach II MacToirdelbaig O'Brien	1086-1119 Munster
Henry I	1100-1135	Edgar	1097-1107
		Alexander I	1107-1124	Toirrdelbach (Turlogh) macRuaidrí na Saide Buide ua Conchobair	1106-1156 Connacht, 1121-1135, 1141-1150 High King, d.1156
Stephen	1135-1154	David I the Saint	1124-1153
Plantagenets
Henry II	1154-1189	Malcolm IV	1153-1165	Muirchertach (Murtagh) macNéill macLochlainn	1136-1166 Ailech, 1150-1166 High King
	Lord of Ireland, 1175
Richard I the Lionheart	1189-1199	William the Lion	1165-1214	Ruaidrí macToirrdelbaig, Rory O'Connor	1156-1183 Connacht, 1166-1175 last High King, d.1198
Third Crusade, 1189-1192				Conchobar	1183-1189 Connacht
John Lackland	1199-1216			Cathal	1189-1200 Connacht
Henry III	1216-1272	Alexander II	1214-1249	English rule
		Alexander III	1249-1286	Brian Catha an Duin	1258-1260
		Margaret Maid of Norway	1286-1290	English rule
		Interregnum, 1290-1292
		John Baliol	1292-1296 d.1315
1272-1307	Edward I
1296-1306
Edward II	1307-1327	Robert I the Bruce	1306-1329	Edward de Bruce	1316-1318
Edward III	1327-1377	David II	1329-1370	English rule
Hundred Years War, 1337-1453
Richard II	1377-1399, d.1400