"In the beginning was the Tao,
and the Tao was with God
and the Tao was God....
And the Tao became flesh
and dwelt among us."
John 1:1&18

"Taoism" is an ancient Chinese philosophy largely based on the book Tao Te Ching by Lao Tsu.* Tao Te Ching is best translated "the virtue [te] of the Way [Tao]" or "the Way [Tao] and the virtue [te]." Lao Tsu means something like "Old Boy," and may or may not be intended as a real name. The first Western translation of Tao Te Ching was made by Jesuit missionaries in the late 1700's, and it has since been translated more times than any book except the Bible.

"Tao" literally means "Way" and its connotations are almost identical to the ancient Greek philosophers' "Logos" (word, reason). Like the Logos, Tao is the first principle or ordering pattern of the cosmos, of which ancient Greeks and Chinese had a similar view. Both the Greeks and Chinese refer to the first principle as a "mystery." The ultimate goal of the Taoist is eternal harmony with the Tao, or first principle. This harmony is attained by living in accord with nature and therefore the Tao, nature's source. The three "treasures" of Taoism are love, moderation, and humility/contentment.

Tao Te Ching is a fascinating book characterized by paradox, observation, intuition, and mystery. Lao Tsu teaches that the Tao is eternal, unchanging, simple, and has no material body, which means that no limited, human language can fully express its essence. The Tao is the principle of all things, because the Tao is the uncreated origin of heaven, earth, and the "myriad things." Because accord with nature brings harmony with the Tao, its origin, a natural course of human action and non-action are endorsed.
Common behavioral lessons include:

• humility and modesty allow men to cut through what is superficial and come to reality
• men should eliminate pride, greed, unnecessary action, and worldly ambitions & passions in order to be natural and receptive
• simplicity should be prized and no worldly thing exalted beyond its due (which would incite greed, war, etc.)
• just as nature holds no partiality or prejudice, neither does a wise man (he is good because he treats both good and bad men well)
• temperance and balance bring harmony and prevent many disasters
• those who are not selfish or motivated by worldly things/ambitions have nothing to fear
• it is better to have self-control than control over others
• there is a need to examine and purify oneself to be in harmony with nature
• the wise man recognizes what he does not know, while the fool thinks he knows everything
• the wise man becomes greater through humility and receives through giving
• the man who is virtuous merely to be seen by others is not really virtuous.

In general, Lao Tsu compares virtue to water. Water gives life to other things, flows in accord with nature, and resides in lowly places despised by men. It is profound and calm, gives itself to others freely, reflects truth, and does not go against nature. It is not hard or firm like rock, but its "weakness" is stronger than rock (e.g. in erosion). Water's adaptability to environment and conditions is also a "weakness" that is a strength.

In addition to lessons in personal virtue, Lao Tsu gives instruction on virtue in leadership (chiefly for government, but applicable to any leader).
Basic points on leadership include:

• only men willing to sacrifice themselves for the world can be trusted with the world
• a good government governs "invisibly" and is not meddlesome, like lungs: only when lungs are sick and unnatural does a person notice his breathing
• laws or rules actually mean that a country is not good, because when people are virtuous and in conformity with nature they do not need correction and restraint
• war is tragic, so even when it is necessary it should not be celebrated
• the best leader is a servant, the best master or governor puts himself below others.

Two very good books on Taoism include Tao Te Ching by Lao Tsu (my favorite translation is John C. H. Wu's Tao Teh Ching, published by Shambhala) and The Tao Speaks: Lao Tzu's Whispers of Wisdom by Tsai Chih Chung (translated by Brian Bruya). The latter is written in a format similar to a comic book and makes Tao Te Ching clearer (it also has an index referring its own chapters to Tao Te Ching chapters).

You may, from this summary, think that there is nothing major in the teaching of Lao Tsu's Tao Te Ching which is substantially at odds with Christianity... and you would be correct. Taoism, like the ancient Greek philosophies of Heraclitus and Socrates, is essentially a natural philosophy which encourages harmony with nature and nature's eternal origin. St. John the Apostle, who was familiar with Greek philosophy by the time he wrote his Gospel, believed that God's revelation in Jesus Christ supernaturally fulfilled the natural Greek philosophy of the Logos (making perfect harmony with nature and the Logos possible). St. John began his Gospel, "In the beginning was the Logos, and the Logos was with God, and the Logos was God.... And the Logos became flesh and dwelt among us," (John 1:1&18). In Chinese Bibles, "Logos" is appropriately translated "Tao." The intuition of Heraclitus, Socrates, and Lao Tsu is fulfilled--Taoism is best viewed not as a philosophy opposed to Christianity, but one fulfilled in Christ, Who is the eternal Tao made flesh and revealed to all men!

"I AM the Way , the Truth , and the Life." -Jesus (John 14:6)

For further reading:

• Tao Teh Ching by Lao Tzu, translated by John C. H. Wu
  In my own copy of Tao Teh Ching I have added Bible citations in the margins where Lao Tsu says the same thing as Jesus or one of the Apostles --you might do the same
• Tao Speaks: Lao Tzu's Whispers of Wisdom by Tsai Chih Chung, translated by Brian Bruya
• The New Testament, translated by Richard Lattimore (an excellent translation in a very readable format)
• Christ the Eternal Tao by Hieromonk Damascene
• The Music of Creation by John Michael Talbot
• Jesus, Gift of Love by Jean Vanier
• I Meet Jesus by Jean Vanier (for children, b&w illustrations)
• The Life of Christ by Chinese Artists
• On the Incarnation by St. Athanasius, published by St. Vladimir's Seminary Press
  the same translation is availble here
• The Mystery of the Incarnation by Christoph Schoenborn
• Beyond East & West by John C. H. Wu
• Interior Carmel by John C. H. Wu
• Leisure: the Basis of Culture by Josef Pieper
• Back to Virtue by Peter Kreeft
• The Pursuit of Happiness--God's Way by Servais Pinckaers
• Heaven in Our Hands by Fr. Benedict Groeschel
• Ladder of the Beatitudes by Jim Forest
• The Orthodox Word (journal) issue 187-8 (volume 32, nos. 2-3, March-June '96), available from:
  Xerox University Microfilms
  300 Zeeb Road
  Ann Arbor, MI 48106 USA

Icon & Book Service 800-ASK-ICON Eastern Catholic & Orthodox books, icons, incense, prayer ropes, CDs, etc.	Newman Bookstore 800-936-3962 one of the largest Catholic bookstores in the United States	Pauline Books & Media 800-836-9723 international chain of Catholic bookstores, Daughters of St. Paul	Bibliofind search for out-of-print and used books
These suggestions are intended to be helpful and are entirely unsolicited.

More book recommendations may be found on the Mystical Prayer page, among others.

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*Tao Te Ching and Lao Tsu have varied spellings in English. The modern pinyin forms are Dao De Jing and Laozi.

John Augustine
Catholic Taoist