EOCT Review 6 of 7 Plants and A

EOCT Review 6 of 7 Plants and Animals

1. All plants are [unicellular, multicellular] and are [eukaryotes, prokaryotes].

2. Plant cells contain 2 things not found in animal cells: chloroplasts & cell walls.

3. The cell walls are made of cellulose, which is a type of carbohydrate.

4. Some small plants transport water and food only by diffusion. These are nonvascular plants. Larger, more complex vascular plants have conductive tissue for this job.

5. Bryophytes (2 examples: mosses & liverworts) are nonvascular plants that reproduce by producing spores. -found in moist/damp environment.

6. Plant life cycles are referred to as “alternation of generations”, cycling between haploid (_1_N, gametophyte) and diploid (_2N, sporophyte) generations. Which generation is most recognizable in mosses? gametophytes

7. Alternation of generations: the haploid gametophyte generation produces gametes (eggs & sperm) by mitosis. They come together to form a zygote, which is the sporophyte. The sporophyte then produces spores by meiosis. They develop into the gametophyte.

8. The two types of vascular tissue are xylem (which transports water up from the roots to the rest of the plant) and phloem (which transports food/glucose from the leaves to the rest of the plant). In these plants, the sporophyte generation is most recognizable. Some only produce spores (3 examples: club mosses, horsetails, & ferns), while others produce seeds.

9. The seed of a plant contains the embryo and a food supply (endosperm) surrounded by the seed coat.

10. Seed-producing plants are divided into 2 groups: gymnosperms (naked seeds, often in cones) and angiosperms (flowering plants). Examples of gymnosperms are pines, junipers, and redwoods. Examples of angiosperms are grasses, fruit trees, and flowers.

11. In flowers, the seeds (used to be ovules) are protected within a fruit (an enlarged ovary). They are further divided into 2 groups: monocots (one cotyledon, ex-corn, iris) and dicots (2 cotyledons, ex-maple, rose, beans).

12. The three main organs of a plant are the leaf, stem, and root.

13. Three jobs of roots: anchor the plant, absorb water & minerals, and storing food. Two kinds of roots: taproot & fibrous root.

14. Two jobs of stems: support & transport.

15. Main job of leaves: photosynthesis

16. Seed plants can reproduce without water. What may carry their pollen? wind, water, or animals. Pollen is really plant sperm!

17. Under the right conditions, seeds will sprout, or germinate.

18. What are some ways that humans use plants? food, building supplies (furniture, houses), clothes (cotton), rope, medicines, perfumes

19. Text Box: Word Bank
pistil petal
stamen stigma
ovary ovule
filament style
anther sepal

Label the parts of the flower.

20. Animals with a backbone are vertebrates; those without are invertebrates.

21. Comparative Invertebrate Survey…this should look like a table you have already done!

Phylum Name (scientific)	Porifera	Cnidaria	Platyhel-minthes	Nematoda	Annelida	Mollusca	Arthropoda	Echino-dermata
Common name	sponges	cnidaria	flatworms	roundworms	segmented worms	mollusks	arthropods	echinoderms "spiny skin"
Body plan (symmetry)	asymmetric	radial	bilateral	bilateral	bilateral	bilateral	bilateral	radial adult bilateral larva
Type of body cavity	none	none; 2 germ layers	acoelom	pseudocoelom	true coelom	true coelom	true coelom	true coelom
Circulatory system type?	none	none	none	none	closed	closed	open	water vascular system
Digestive system type?	none	gastro-vascular	gastro-vascular	digestive tract	digestive tract	digestive tract	digestive tract	ejects stomach into clam to digest
nervous system type/ cephalization?	none	nerve net	cephalization	cephalization	cephalization	cephalization	cephalization	nerve ring
Type of Reproduction?	sexual & asexual (fragmentation)external fertilization; hermaphrodites	sexual & asexual (budding)external fertilization; separate sexes	sexual & asexual (regeneration)internal fertilization; hermaphrodites	sexual; internal fertilization; separate sexes	sexual; most have separate sexes (except earthworms); external fertilization	sexual; snails & bivalves- external fert.; squid/octopus internal fert; some are hermaphrodite	sexual; terrestrial: internal fertilization; aquatic: internal or external fert.	sexual & asexual (fragmentation); external fertilization; separate sexes
Respiratory organ	diffusion	diffusion	diffusion	diffusion	breathe through skin; aquatic: gills	aquatic: gills; terrestrial: lungs	spiders: book lungs; insects: tracheal tubes through spiracles; crustaceans: gills	water vascular system
Excretory organ	diffusion	diffusion	Planaria: flame cells; others: diffusion	diffusion	nephridia	excrete ammonia by diffusion	insects & spiders: Malpighian tubules excrete; crustaceans: diffusion	through gills
Type of skeleton?	spicules	none	none	none	hydrostatic	soft body; no skeleton	exoskeleton made of chitin	endoskeleton
Specialized structures & function	osculum: water leaves; collar cells (choanocytes)-have a flagellum to create water current for filter feeding	stinging cells- paralyze prey; tentacles: catch prey	tapeworm scolex: attach to host; planaria: eyespot-see light; pharynx: feeding		setae: grip for movement; clitellum: reproduction	mantle: secretes shell; radula: rasping tongue	jointed appendages	madreporite- sieve; tube feet
Significance to humans & ecology	bath sponges, painting	sting!	parasitic; disease-causing	parasitic; disease-causing	decomposers; medicinal	crop damage; seafood industry	crop pest; carry diseases; seafood industry	can damage clam farms
Examples	finger sponge; glass sponge	jellies; sea anemones; Hydra	tapeworms, planaria, flukes	hookworms; heartworms, pinworms; filarial worms; Trichinella	earthworm; leeches;	snails, slugs, squids, octopus, clams, oysters	spiders, crayfish, insects; horseshoe crabs	star fish, sand dollars, sea urchin, sea cucumbers

22. All vertebrates have bilateral symmetry, a [true coelom, pseudocoelom, or no coelom] and an [endoskeleton, exoskeleton].

23. Comparative Vertebrate Survey (all CLASSES [D K P C O F G S] of the phylum Chordata)

Class Name	Jawless fish	Chondrichthyes	Osteichthyes	Amphibia	Reptilia	Aves	Mammalia
Outer covering	slimy skin	toothlike scales	scales	slimy skin	scales	feathers & scales (on legs)	fur
Type of limbs	fin	fins	fins	4 legs	4 legs (except snakes)	2 legs; 2 wings	legs (4)
Reproduction development	external fertilization	internal fertilization	external fertilization	external fertilization; soft, wet eggs	internal fertilization; amniotic egg	internal fertilization; amniotic egg	internal fertilization; placental
Type of heart	2 chamber	2 chamber	2 chamber	3 chamber	most have 3 chamber hearts (crocs & alligators have 4)	4-chamber	4-chamber
Respiratory organ	gills	gills without a covering	gills	gills, then lungs	lungs	lungs	lungs
excretory waste	ammonia	ammonia	ammonia	ammonia	uric acid	uric acid	urea
Specialized structures	no vertebrae	teeth can regrow; bones made of cartilage; lateral line system	lateral line	metamorphosis	claws; scales	feathers; wings; claws	mammary glands; claws
Examples	lancelets	sharks, rays, skates	bass, trout, carp, catfish	frogs, toads, salamanders, newts	turtle; snake; lizard; alligator	hawk; penguin; chicken	humans; lions; whales; bats