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Troubleshooting Low Oil Pressure
The first indication of low oil pressure trouble may be a flickering oil pressure warning lamp
or a low pressure reading on a dash gauge. If the warning goes unnoticed or is ignored, the next clue that something
is amiss may be valve clatter as the hydraulic lifters or lash adjusters are starved for oil and ingest air. If
the motorist keeps on driving in spite of the obvious warnings and audible protests from under the hood, the next
sound he/she hears may be rapping or knocking noises from the rod bearings - which will eventually be followed
by dead silence as the engine seizes and the vehicle coasts to a stop.
All engines will lose a certain amount of oil pressure over time as normal wear increases bearing clearances. But
unusually low oil pressure in an engine, regardless of mileage, is often an indication that something is seriously
wrong and requires immediate attention. So anytime a customer complains of a low oil pressure condition, or mentions
any of the symptoms that may be due to a loss of oil pressure (warning light on or flickering, low gauge reading,
valve noise or bearing noise), don't delay in investigating the cause.
Causes of Low Pressure
In a high mileage engine, low oil pressure is often due to a combination of worn main and rod bearings and crankshaft
journals. The oil pump itself does not create pressure. It produces flow and the resistance to that flow produces
pressure. Resistance is created by the orifices in the engine block through which the oil flows, and the amount
of clearance between the bearings and crankshaft journals. As the bearings wear, clearances increase allowing increased
flow which reduces pressure.
Okay, so you already knew that. But what you may not realize is that it doesn't take much of an increase in bearing
clearances to cause a noticeable drop in oil pressure as well as noise. This applies to brand new engines as well
as high mileage ones.
Excessive bearing clearances (more than about .001 inch per inch of diameter of the crankshaft journal) can cause
up to a 20 percent or greater drop in oil pressure, which may in turn have an adverse effect on lubrication elsewhere
in the engine (such as the camshaft and upper valvetrain, especially in overhead cam engines). Whether the excessive
clearances are due to normal wear or "loose" assembly tolerances makes no difference because the end
result is exactly the same. Excessive bearing clearances will also increase engine noise and pounding, which over
time can lead to bearing fatigue and failure.
Recommended bearing clearances vary a great deal depending on the engine application, but many engine rebuilders
today aim for about .001 to .002 inch clearance in the main and rod bearings. This compares to as much as .004
inch of clearance that may be present in some new engines from the factory!
Excessive clearances elsewhere in the engine can also reduce oil pressure. This includes wear in the lifter bores,
excessive clearances between the camshaft journals and cam bearings and excessive end play in the cam. Of course,
any cracks in the oil galleys, leaking galley plugs or leakage between the oil pump and block will also reduce
pressure.
The only cure for low oil pressure due to excessive bearing clearances is to reduce the clearances by replacing
the bearings or overhauling the engine. Installing a new oil pump or a higher pressure pump won't help because
the bearings have too great a leakage rate to hold the required pressure. Installing a higher volume oil pump can
increase flow and regain a little lost pressure. But the underlying clearance problem will still be there, which
will accelerate bearing noise, wear and fatigue.
Pump Problems
Another common cause of low oil pressure is wear or excessive clearances in the oil pump itself. Specifications
vary, but as a rule gear-type oil pumps should have less than about 0.003 inches of end play between the gears
and cover. The clearances between the teeth and pump housing should usually be less than about 0.005 inches. With
rotor-style pumps, the clearance between the outer rotor and pump housing should usually be less than 0.012 inches,
with no more than about 0.010 inches between the inner and outer rotor lobes. Too much clearance inside the pump
will reduce the pump's ability to pump oil efficiency, which reduces flow and pressure.
Because of the close tolerances that are required inside the oil pump, debris of any kind can cause havoc if it
gets sucked into the pump. Anything larger than the minimum internal clearances can score or jam the pump. Debris
such as pieces of old valve stem seals, gasket material, plastic chips from a worn timing chain gear, bearing material,
casting flashing, sand, dirt, etc., may be harmful or fatal if ingested.
But how can this kind of crud get inside the pump, you ask? The screen that's on the oil pump pickup tube in the
crankcase only prevents relatively big pieces of debris from being drawn into the pump - and even then it doesn't
always do that because most pickup screens have some type of bypass valve or vent that allows oil to bypass the
screen if the screen becomes plugged or the oil is too thick to pass through the screen. The holes in the screen
itself measure about 0.040 inches square, which are huge openings as far as debris is concerned. But the holes
are large by design so the screen will flow an adequate amount of oil when the engine is cold and the oil in the
crankcase is thick (which is why you should always follow the vehicle manufacturer's recommendations on oil viscosity).
All this means the oil pump is the only engine component that is continually lubed with unfiltered oil! The oil
does not pass through the filter until after it leaves the pump. So any abrasive debris that finds its way into
the crankcase will first pass through the pump before it is trapped by the filter. No wonder oil pumps wear out
and break.
Restrictions in the pickup tube screen can choke off the flow of oil into the pump, reducing flow and pressure.
Even a relatively small amount of varnish buildup on the screen can restrict oil flow at higher engine speeds.
A coating only .005 inches thick on the screen will reduce the total "open" area of each hole to .030
inches, causing a whopping 44 percent reduction in oil flow!
The pressure relief valve, which may be located on the pump body or elsewhere on the engine, can be yet another
cause of low oil pressure if the valve sticks open or is held open by a small piece of debris. The relief valve
is designed to limit oil pressure as engine speed increases. The valve opens when pressure reaches a preset value
(typically 40 to 60 psi). This vents oil back into the crankcase and limits maximum oil pressure in the engine.
The reason for doing so is to prevent oil pressure from reaching dangerous levels. Too much oil pressure can be
just as bad as too little because excessive pressure can rupture the oil filter or even blow out pressed-in oil
galley plugs in the block.
Low oil pressure may also be the result of air in the pump. If there's too little oil in the pan, air can be drawn
into the pump. But this can also happen if the crankcase has been overfilled. The oil can become aerated (full
of tiny bubbles) because it's making contact with the spinning crankshaft and is being churned into foam.
Sometimes the engine may become starved for oil at higher rpms because the oil isn't returning quickly enough to
the crankcase. The underlying cause here is usually severe varnish buildup that restricts the oil return holes
in the head.
Leakage between the oil pickup tube and pump, as well as between the pump and block can also suck air into the
pump. It's not unusual to find engines where the pickup tube has fallen completely off, causing a complete loss
of oil pressure.
A plugged oil filter can be yet another cause of low oil pressure. When the oil leaves the pump, it passes through
the filter before going on to the bearings and oil galleys. All filters create a certain amount of resistance to
flow that increases with the rate of flow. But the amount isn't much, typically only a couple of pounds. But as
the filter becomes clogged with debris, the restriction created increases. Eventually, the point may be reached
where no oil will pass through the filter element. So to prevent such a blockage, a pressure relief valve located
in the filter or where the filter mounts to the block is designed to open if the pressure differential across the
filter exceeds a preset value (typically 5 to 40 psi). This allows the oil to bypass the filter and keep on flowing.
But the engine's oil pressure will be reduced to that of the bypass valve. Replacing the plugged filter will solve
the problem.
Diagnosis
A good place to start your diagnosis of a low oil pressure condition is at the dipstick. Check the oil level to
see that it is at the proper level (not low and not overfilled). If low, the engine may be burning oil, leaking
oil and/or be neglected. Adding oil may temporarily remedy the low oil pressure condition, but unless the oil level
is properly maintained by your customer the problem may reoccur.
If the engine is leaking oil, recommend new gaskets or seals to fix the leak. If the engine is burning oil, the
valve guides and seals are most likely worn, but the rings and cylinders might be bad, too. A wet compression test
and/or leakdown test will tell you if it's the valve guides or rings and cylinders that are worn. The least expensive
fix in the case of worn guides would be to install new valve guide seals (if possible) without pulling the head.
But the best fix would be to pull the heads and have the guides lined, knurled, replaced or reamed for oversized
valve stems. Worn rings and cylinders would call for a complete overhaul.
Also note the condition of the oil and make sure it is the correct viscosity for the application. Heavier viscosity
oils such as 20W-50, straight 30W and 40W may help maintain good oil pressure in hot weather, but are too thick
for cold weather driving and may cause start-up lubrication problems especially in overhead cam engines. Light
viscosity oils, on the other hand, such as straight 10W or 5W-20 may improve cold weather starting and lubrication,
but may be too thin for hot weather driving to maintain good oil pressure. That's why most OEMs today recommend
5W-30 for year-round driving in modern engines.
If the oil level is okay, the next thing to check would probably be the oil pressure sending unit. Disconnect the
unit and check the warning lamp or gauge reading. If the warning light remains on with the sending unit disconnected,
there's probably a short to ground in the warning lamp circuit. Likewise, if there's no change in a gauge reading
the problem is in the instrumentation not the engine.
Bad oil pressure sending units are quite common, so many technicians will replace the unit without checking anything
else to see if that cures the problem. This approach might save you some time, but it's risky because unless you
measure oil pressure directly with a gauge attached to the engine you have no way of knowing if pressure is within
specifications or not. Most warning lamps won't come on until oil pressure is dangerously low (less than four or
five pounds). So don't assume the absence of a warning lamp means oil pressure is okay - especially if the engine
is making any valve or bearing noise.
If a check of oil pressure reveals unusually low readings, check the filter. It's possible the filter might be
plugged with gunk. Ask the customer when he last had the oil and filter changed. Or, replace the filter and see
if that makes a difference.
The next step would be to drop the oil pan and check the oil pump pickup screen. If the screen is clogged with
debris, you've found the problem. Also, check to see that the pickup tube is properly mounted and positioned, firmly
attached to the oil pump (no leaks) and is not obstructed.
If the oil pump is mounted inside the crankcase, the next step might be to remove and inspect the pump. Open the
pump cover and measure clearances. Also, check for scoring or other damage. A broken pump drive would tell you
something entered and jammed the pump. If the pump is worn or damaged, replacement is the only option.
If the pump appears to be okay, the next step would be to measure the rod and main bearing clearances. Check the
clearances on the main bearing closest the pump (since this has the greatest effect on pressure), and clearances
on the furthest rod bearing (since this will show the greatest wear). If the bearings are worn, they need to be
replaced. But before you do so, carefully inspect and measure the crankshaft journals to check for wear, scoring,
out-of-round and taper. If the journals need attention, the crank will also have to be reground or replaced.
Other checks might include camshaft end play and/or pulling a valve cover or the intake manifold to check the cam
bearings and lifters. Remember, excessive clearances or leaks anywhere in the engine's oil supply system can contribute
to low oil pressure.
Pump Installation Tips
If you've found a worn or damaged oil pump that needs replacing, read all the instructions before you attempt to
install the new pump. This is common sense advice but it's amazing how many people assume they know how to replace
an oil pump on an engine they've never replaced a pump on before. There can be surprises, so take a few minutes
to review the instructions.
Most pump manufacturers do not recommend using a sealer on the pump mounting. Use the gasket or O-ring that's provided.
The risk of using sealer is that if too much is applied, some of it may end up inside the pump or block the pump's
passageways.
Toss the old pickup tube and screen and replace with a new one. Yes, you can attempt to clean and reuse the old
screen but it's risky. The bottom cover often hides a lot of debris, and solvent can loosen "hidden"
debris inside the tube that will later be sucked into the pump.
Use the correct installation tool to seat the pickup tube in the pump. Don't force it in with a hammer, as doing
so may deform the pump housing and/or damage the tube.
Make sure the pump is properly mounted, and that the pickup tube is properly positioned before replacing the oil
pan. The pickup screen should usually be about 1/4 inch above the bottom of the oil pan. This will reduce the risk
of drawing in debris that settles to the bottom of the pan. Make sure the pickup is not too high because you don't
want it sucking air either.
The pump should be primed before the engine is started. This can be done by adding some oil to the pump before
it is installed (packing the pump with grease is not recommended). If the pump is driven off the distributor, the
distributor can be removed so the pump can be turned with a drill to prime the system.
Another alternative for all types of pumps is to use an aftermarket aerosol priming system that feeds oil under
pressure to the engine through the oil pressure sending unit fitting. This type of system was originally developed
for rebuilt engines, but can be used in any application where the engine should be primed before it is cranked.
Install a new oil filter and fill it with oil (this doesn't work with filters that mount sideways on the engine
unfortunately) to eliminate the delay in lubrication that normally occurs when the engine is first started after
replacing the filter.
Finally, start the engine and make sure oil pressure is within specifications. Use a mechanical pressure gauge
and don't rely on the dash gauge or the warning light to verify that the repairs you've made have eliminated the
low oil pressure problem.
FORKLIFT
OPERATION AND SERVICE.
BE SURE TO VISIT THE HOME PAGE FOR INFORMATION ON LIFT TRUCKS REPAIR,
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