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Tirukkural: Getting close to the original |
In Spirit, Content and Style |
|
The 'choicest' of all translations in
English |
Edited by: N.V.K. Ashraf
This Tirukkural translation in English is drawn from a comparative study of 25 different translations. Sixteen of these were either complete or partial translations and the remaining nine were translations that appeared in articles, monographs and books authored by different people on Tirukkural and Tiruvalluvar. The choicest translation that is close to the original - in spirit, content and style - has been chosen for presentation. Preference has been given for brevity, simplicity and clarity. Emphasize was also laid on translations that manage to reflect, as much as possible, every word found in the original. Sometimes translations of two authors were combined to produce the best reflection of the original. The translator or translators of every couplet have been acknowledged with their initials eg. PS, SS, SB, VS etc. in a separate column. The initials have been expanded with the full names of these translators at the end of this page. When no translation was found particularly satisfactory, I chose to render them myself. These have been marked by initial NV. An astrix * at the end of a translation indicate that the rendering has been improved upon, either by adding/replacing words or deleting words found to be unnecessary. To know more on the process of this comparison and criteria of selection, click here: Comparing Tirukkural translations to unfold the best.
Division II. Wealth
071 | Mind reading | Translators | Notes |
0701 |
He is a jewel on this
sea-girt earth |
PS |
|
0702 |
Deem that man on par
with God |
NV, VS |
|
0703 |
He is worth any price
who by intuition |
PS |
|
0704 |
A thought reader may
resemble other men |
PS, NV |
|
0705 |
What use are the eyes
among senses, |
PS |
|
0706 |
Like a mirror that
shows what is in front, |
PS, NV |
|
0707 |
What can be more
expressive than the face |
NV |
|
0708 |
Just standing in front
would suffice |
SB |
|
0709 |
Those familiar with
the language of eyes |
SS, JN |
|
0710 |
You will find smart
people use nothing but eyes |
NV |
072 | Knowing an assembly | Translators | Notes |
0711 |
Meticulous masters of
words |
PS, NV |
|
0712 |
Should skilled orators
wish to speak, |
PS |
Yes |
0713 |
Only poor orators,
good for nothing, speak at length |
PS |
|
0714 |
Before the bright, be
brilliant light. |
SB |
Yes |
0715 |
The best amongst all
good qualities |
PS, DL |
|
0716 |
To slip before men of
wide learning |
SB |
Yes |
0717 |
The scholarship of a
scholar shines |
PS |
|
0718 |
Speaking before a
receptive audience |
NV |
|
0719 |
Don't tell an assembly
of fools even forgetfully |
PS |
|
0720 |
To deliberate with
people of dissimilar interests |
KK |
Notes:
712. KV's translation is a fitting explanation: "The style and content of a
speech should be in tune with the mood and atmosphere of the assembly"
714. "Where ignorance is bliss, it is folly to be wise" – Gray.
716. This is yet another couplet in Tirukkural where the interpretation of a
single word could change the simile [like couplet 20]. Here the word "ஆற்றின்"
could mean either "path" or "river". The phrase could be read as "ஆற்றில்"
or
"ஆற்றின்"
நிலை தளர்ந்து அற்றே. Parimelazhagar
interprets this as "spiritual path", Kalingar, Manakkudavar and Pariperumal as
"righteous path" and Parithiyar alone as "river".
073 | Fearlessness in assembly | Translators | Notes |
0721 |
The pure skillful orators, knowing the
council's strength, Never fail in their speech. * |
SB, NV | |
0722 |
Most learned among the learned is he Whose learning the learned accept. |
PS | |
0723 |
Many are ready to even die in battle, But few can face an assembly without nerves. |
NV | |
0724 |
Let the learned learn from you, And you from one more learned. |
PS | |
0725 |
Study the science of logic so that you may
Fearlessly reply in any assembly. |
SS | |
0726 |
What use is a sword to cowards And books to those who fear assembly? * |
PS, NV | |
0727 |
As a sword to a eunuch before his foes, Is the learning to one who fears assembly. * |
GU, VS | Yes |
0728 |
They are useless however learned Who cannot impress a learned assembly. * |
PS | |
0729 |
Scholars dread of facing an assembly of
good men Are ranked lower than the ignorant. |
NV | |
0730 |
Those stage-fearing who keep their learning
to themselves, Though living, are dead. * |
PS |
Notes:
727: Compare with 726. Very similar import but words employed by Valluvar
for composition are different.
Also with 614:
“The liberality of the indolent man will not endure, like a sword in eunuch’s
hand”.* (VS)
074 | Country | Translators | Notes |
0731 |
Unfailing harvests,
learned men and honest traders |
PS |
|
0732 |
A land is known for
its great wealth |
NV |
|
0733 |
An ideal land bears
all burdens that befall |
PS |
|
0734 |
That is a land which
is free of much hunger, |
NV |
|
0735 |
That is a land free
from factions, |
MS, JN |
|
0736 |
Call that a leading
land that knows no evil days, |
PS |
|
0737 |
A land's limbs are
waters from rains, |
PS |
Yes |
0738 |
A country's jewels are
these five: Unfailing health, |
GU |
|
0739 |
Call that a land which
yields without toil. |
PS |
|
0740 |
Even if endowed with
all blessings, a country is no worth |
VS |
Notes:
737. Compare with 742. "Blue water, open space, hills and thick
forests constitute a fortress. - PS
075 | Fortress | Translators | Notes |
0741 |
A fortress is an asset
to the offender |
NV |
|
0742 |
Blue water, open
space, hills and thick forests |
PS |
Yes |
0743 |
Books declare that a
fort should have these four: |
GU |
|
0744 |
A fortress, ample in
space and easy to defend, |
JN |
|
0745 |
A good fortress is
hard to seize, well-supplied |
PS |
|
0746 |
With all materials
stocked inside, |
KV, PS |
|
0747 |
Hard to capture a fort
that withstands |
NV, SS |
|
0748 |
Even if encircled by
besieging foes, |
NV |
|
0749 |
A good fort gains
fame frustrating its siege |
PS |
|
0750 |
A fortress, however
grand, amounts to nothing |
NV |
Notes:
742. Compare with 737. "A land's limbs are waters from rains, springs and well
placed hills, and strong fortress" * - PS
076 | Acquiring wealth | Translators | Notes |
0751 |
There is nothing like wealth To make the worthless worthy. |
PS | |
0752 |
Everyone despises the poor While the rich are exalted by all. |
PS, SS | |
0753 |
The unfailing light called wealth can
dispel darkness Even in far reaching lands. |
NV | |
0754 |
Wealth acquired sinless and well, Yields both virtue and happiness. |
PS | |
0755 |
Discard and let go the wealth Obtained without love and grace. |
NV | Yes |
0756 |
Unclaimed wealth, spoils of war and wealth
from taxes Are all rulers' wealth. * |
DL, SS | |
0757 |
The offspring of love 'graciousness' is
nursed By that generous foster-mother 'wealth'. |
JN, NV | |
0758 |
A wealthy man's undertakings Are like elephant-fights witnessed from a hill. |
PS | |
0759 |
Stock wealth: no steel sharper than that To cut down your foe's pride. |
PS | |
0760 |
He who makes glorious wealth in plenty, Gains the other two treasures together. * |
MS | Yes |
Notes:
755: A short and crisp translations, but not close to original: "Wealth
unblessed by giver and taker should not be touched" – PS
760. The other two of Trivarga: i.e. Virtue and Love.
077 | Excellence of an army | Translators | Notes |
0761 |
A well organized army
unafraid of obstacles |
NV |
|
0762 |
Only seasoned armies
show courage in dire straits, |
PS, KK |
Yes |
0763 |
So what if an army of
rats roar like the sea? |
SS, PS |
|
0764 |
A true army has a long
tradition of valour |
SS |
|
0765 |
A capable army stands
together and defies |
PS, DL |
|
0766 |
Valour, honour,
tradition of chivalry and credibility; |
DL |
Yes |
0767 |
An army should
withstand and confound |
PS |
|
0768 |
Even if lacking in virtue of
offence and defence, |
NV |
Yes |
0769 |
An army can triumph if
it is free from diminution, |
DL |
|
0770 |
However numerous and
solid the soldiers be, |
NV |
Notes:
762. SI gives an abstract translation: "When things go wrong, only veterans can
stem the rot and turn the tide"
976. yama = God of Death.
768. Alternate rendering: "Even if lacking in virtues of offence and defence, an
army can gain fame by virtue of its size" - NV
078 | Pride of an army | Translators | Notes |
0771 |
"Foes! Don't stand
before my chief. |
PS |
|
0772 |
Better collect the
spear that missed an elephant |
PS |
|
0773 |
Fierce courage is what
they call valour, |
SS, PS |
|
0774 |
Losing his spear
hurled at a tusker, |
PS |
Yes |
0775 |
Is it not shameful for
a hero to even let his |
NV |
|
0776 |
The brave
shall deem all the days devoid of battle wounds |
SB, PS |
|
0777 |
That hero, who gives
up his life for fame, |
PS |
|
0778 |
Even a king's wrath
cannot hold back heroes |
PS, SS |
|
0779 |
Who dares to despise a
man for not fulfilling |
PS |
|
0780 |
If death lies in glory
that draws tears from the ruler, |
JN |
Notes:
774. i.e. having wounded an approaching elephant with his spike, the soldier
looks around for another. Soon spots the one stuck to his body and happily pull
it out.
079 | Friendship | Translators | Notes |
0781 |
What greater security
exists than a secure friendship |
SS |
|
0782 |
Wise men's friendship
waxes like the crescent |
PS |
|
0783 |
Being with good
friends is like reading good books. |
NV |
|
0784 |
Friendship is not for
merriment |
NV |
Yes |
0785 |
Identity of feelings
makes friendship. |
CR |
|
0786 |
A smiling face alone
makes no friendship, |
VR |
|
0787 |
Friendship saves from
ruin, guides towards right, |
PS, GU |
|
0788 |
Swift as the hand
seizing a slipping garment, |
SS |
|
0789 |
What is the throne of
friendship? It is that resolve |
NV |
|
0790 |
To boast, "He means so
much to me and I to him," |
SS |
Yes |
Notes:
784. Compare with 447 and 795. "Who can ruin the man who commands the friendship
of those who can reprove him?" –VS. "Seek a friend who will make you cry, rail
and rate when you go astray" – PS
790. In other words: "Where competing claims are boastfully made, that
friendship is demeaning" * - SI
080 | Choosing friends | Translators | Notes |
0791 |
Nothing worse than
befriending one untried, |
NV, KS |
|
0792 |
Friendship made
without enquiries |
SI |
Yes |
0793 |
Make one a friend
after knowing his nature, |
PS |
|
0794 |
A man of birth and
scrupulous honour |
PS |
|
0795 |
Seek a friend who will
make you cry, |
PS |
Yes |
0796 |
Is there any yardstick
better than adversity, |
PS |
|
0797 |
It is a gain by itself
if one gets away |
CR |
|
0798 |
Dwell not in thoughts
that dim your spirit |
SS |
|
0799 |
The thought of
friend's betrayal in need |
PS |
|
0800 |
Seek the friendship of
the pure, and shake off |
PS |
Notes:
792. Short and crisp translation of this couplet [but not close to original]:
"Make friends in haste and repent at leisure" – PS
795. Compare with 784: "Friendship is not for merriment
but for stern
reproach when friends go astray" - NV
800. Compare with
794 for similar ideas. Seek the worthy and shake off the worthless, even at a
price.
◄◄◄Previous 10 chapters |
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Key to the initials of different translators:
CR - C. Rajagopalachari | KS - Kasthuri Sreenivasan | SI - K.R. Srinivasa Iyengar |
DL -W.H. Drew and J. Lazarus | >KV - K. Krishnaswamy & Vijaya Ramkumar | SM -S. Maharajan |
DZ - S.M. Diaz | MS - M.S. Poornalingam Pillai | SS - Satguru Subramuniyaswami |
EL - F.W. Ellis | NC - Norman Cutler | TD - S. Thandapani Desikar |
GU - G.U. Pope | NV - N.V.K. Ashraf | TK - T.K. Chidambaranatha Mudaliar |
GV - G. Vanmikanathan | PS - P.S. Sundaram | VC - V.C. Kulandai Swamy |
JN - J. Narayanaswamy | SB - Shuddhananda Bharatiar | VR - V. Ramasamy |
KK - K. Kannan | SD - S.D. Rajendran | VS - V.V.S. Aiyar |
KN - K.N. Subramanyam | SG - G. Siromoney, S. Govindaraju & M. Chandrasekaran, |
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