Tirukkural: Getting close to the original

In Spirit, Content and Style

The 'choicest' of all translations in English

 

Edited by: N.V.K. Ashraf

 

This Tirukkural translation in English is drawn from a comparative study of 25 different translations. Sixteen of these were either complete or partial translations and the remaining nine were translations that appeared in articles, monographs and books authored by different people on Tirukkural and Tiruvalluvar. The choicest translation that is close to the original - in spirit, content and style - has been chosen for presentation. Preference has been given for brevity, simplicity and clarity. Emphasize was also laid on translations that manage to reflect, as much as possible, every word found in the original.  Sometimes translations of two authors were combined to produce the best reflection of the original. The translator or translators of every couplet have been acknowledged with their initials eg. PS, SS, SB, VS etc. in a separate column. The initials have been expanded with the full names of these translators at the end of this page. When no translation was found particularly satisfactory, I chose to render them myself. These have been marked by initial NV. An astrix * at the end of a translation indicate that the rendering has been improved upon, either by adding/replacing words or deleting words found to be unnecessary. To know more on the process of this comparison and criteria of selection, click here: Comparing Tirukkural translations to unfold the best

Division II. Wealth

071 Mind reading Translators Notes

0701

He is a jewel on this sea-girt earth 
Who can read a thought without being told.

 PS

0702

Deem that man on par with God
Who can divine with conviction what is in the heart.

 NV, VS

 

0703

He is worth any price who by intuition 
can read another's thought.

 PS

 

0704

A thought reader may resemble other men
But is a class apart.

 PS, NV

 

0705

What use are the eyes among senses,
If they cannot read a man's thoughts on his face? *

 PS

 

0706

Like a mirror that shows what is in front,
The face reveals the affairs of the mind. *

 PS, NV

 

0707

What can be more expressive than the face
To reveal the mind's pleasure and pain?

 NV

 

0708

Just standing in front would suffice
For those who can read the mind on face.

 SB

 

0709

Those familiar with the language of eyes
Can read from eyes both love and hatred. *

 SS, JN

 

0710

You will find smart people use nothing but eyes
As a yardstick for measure.

 NV

 

 

072 Knowing an assembly Translators Notes

0711

Meticulous masters of words 
Must judge the council before they speak.

PS, NV

 

0712

Should skilled orators wish to speak,
Let them study the occasion with care. *

PS

Yes

0713

Only poor orators, good for nothing, speak at length
Without knowing the audience. *

PS

 

0714

Before the bright, be brilliant light.
Before the dull, assume mortar white. *

SB

Yes

0715

The best amongst all good qualities
Is the modesty to holdback before elders. *

PS, DL

 

0716

To slip before men of wide learning
Is like slipping from the path of righteousness. *

SB

Yes

0717

The scholarship of a scholar shines
In an assembly of meticulous scholars. *

PS

 

0718

Speaking before a receptive audience
Is like watering a nursery of growing plants.

NV

 

0719

Don't tell an assembly of fools even forgetfully 
Things meant for the wise.

PS

 

0720

To deliberate with people of dissimilar interests
Is like spilling nectar in the drain. *

KK

 

 

Notes:
712. KV's translation is a fitting explanation: "The style and content of a speech should be in tune with the mood and atmosphere of the assembly"
714. "Where ignorance is bliss, it is folly to be wise" – Gray.

716. This is yet another couplet in Tirukkural where the interpretation of a single word could change the simile [like couplet 20].  Here the word "ஆற்றின்" could mean either "path" or "river". The phrase could be read as "ஆற்றில்" or "ஆற்றின்" நிலை தளர்ந்து அற்றே. Parimelazhagar interprets this as "spiritual path", Kalingar, Manakkudavar and Pariperumal as "righteous path" and Parithiyar alone as "river".
 

073 Fearlessness in assembly Translators Notes
0721 The pure skillful orators, knowing the council's strength,
Never fail in their speech. *
SB, NV  
0722 Most learned among the learned is he 
Whose learning the learned accept.
PS  
0723 Many are ready to even die in battle,
But few can face an assembly without nerves.
NV  
0724 Let the learned learn from you,
And you from one more learned.
PS  
0725 Study the science of logic so that you may
Fearlessly reply in any assembly.
SS  
0726 What use is a sword to cowards
And books to those who fear assembly? *
PS, NV  
0727 As a sword to a eunuch before his foes,
Is the learning to one who fears assembly. *
GU, VS Yes
0728 They are useless however learned 
Who cannot impress a learned assembly. *
PS  
0729 Scholars dread of facing an assembly of good men
Are ranked lower than the ignorant.
NV  
0730 Those stage-fearing who keep their learning to themselves, 
Though living, are dead. *
PS   

Notes:
727: Compare with 726. Very similar import but words employed by Valluvar for composition are different.
Also with 614: “The liberality of the indolent man will not endure, like a sword in eunuch’s hand”.* (VS)

074 Country Translators Notes

0731

Unfailing harvests, learned men and honest traders 
Constitute a country. *

PS

 

0732

A land is known for its great wealth
Of abundant produce that never declines.

NV

 

0733

An ideal land bears all burdens that befall
And yet pays all taxes to the king. *

PS

 

0734

That is a land which is free of much hunger,
Incessant plagues and ravaging enemies.

NV

 

0735

That is a land free from factions,
Ruinous traitors and terrorists harassing kings.

MS, JN

 

0736

Call that a leading land that knows no evil days,
And whose yields don't cease even if they come. *

PS

 

0737

A land's limbs are waters from rains,
Springs and well placed hills, and strong fortress. *

PS

Yes

0738

A country's jewels are these five: Unfailing health,
Fertility, joy, security and wealth. *

GU

 

0739

Call that a land which yields without toil.
That is no land where toil precedes yield. *

PS

 

0740

Even if endowed with all blessings, a country is no worth
If not blessed with a ruler. *

VS

 

 

Notes:
737. Compare with 742. "Blue water, open space, hills and thick forests constitute a fortress. - PS

 

075 Fortress Translators Notes

0741

A fortress is an asset to the offender
As well as to those who seek refuge in defence.

NV

 

0742

Blue water, open space, hills and thick forests 
Constitute a fortress.

PS

Yes

0743

Books declare that a fort should have these four:
Height, breadth, strength and difficult access. *

GU

 

0744

A fortress, ample in space and easy to defend,
Spoils the might of the foe. *

JN

 

0745

A good fortress is hard to seize, well-supplied 
And suited to those within.

PS

 

0746

With all materials stocked inside,
A fort should have brave soldiers as well. *

KV, PS

 

0747

Hard to capture a fort that withstands
Besieging, artillery and treachery.

NV, SS

 

0748

Even if encircled by besieging foes,
A fortress enables the besieged to win.

NV

 

0749

A good fort gains fame frustrating its siege
At the outset of the battle. *

PS

 

0750

A fortress, however grand, amounts to nothing
If its defenders are meek.

NV

 

 

Notes:
742. Compare with 737. "A land's limbs are waters from rains, springs and well placed hills, and strong fortress" * - PS

 

076 Acquiring wealth Translators Notes
0751 There is nothing like wealth
To make the worthless worthy.
PS  
0752 Everyone despises the poor 
While the rich are exalted by all.
PS, SS  
0753 The unfailing light called wealth can dispel darkness
Even in far reaching lands.
NV  
0754 Wealth acquired sinless and well,
Yields both virtue and happiness.
PS  
0755 Discard and let go the wealth
Obtained without love and grace.
NV Yes
0756 Unclaimed wealth, spoils of war and wealth from taxes
Are all rulers' wealth. *
DL, SS  
0757 The offspring of love 'graciousness' is nursed
By that generous foster-mother 'wealth'.
JN, NV  
0758 A wealthy man's undertakings
Are like elephant-fights witnessed from a hill.
PS  
0759 Stock wealth: no steel sharper than that 
To cut down your foe's pride.
PS  
0760 He who makes glorious wealth in plenty,
Gains the other two treasures together. *
 MS Yes

Notes:
755: A short and crisp translations, but not close to original: "Wealth unblessed by giver and taker should not be touched" – PS
760. The other two of Trivarga: i.e. Virtue and Love.

077 Excellence of an army Translators Notes

0761

A well organized army unafraid of obstacles
Is a ruler's greatest of all possessions.

NV

 

0762

Only seasoned armies show courage in dire straits,
To stand fearless despite decimation.

PS, KK

Yes

0763

So what if an army of rats roar like the sea?
The hiss of a cobra will silence it.

SS, PS

 

0764

A true army has a long tradition of valour
And knows neither defeat nor desertion. *

SS

 

0765

A capable army stands together and defies
Even if yama attacks in fury. *

PS, DL

 

0766

Valour, honour, tradition of chivalry and credibility;
These four alone are an army's safeguards. *

DL

Yes

0767

An army should withstand and confound 
The foe's tactics, and advance.

PS

 

0768

Even if lacking in virtue of offence and defence,
An army can gain fame by virtue of its size

NV

Yes

0769

An army can triumph if it is free from diminution,
Irrevocable aversion and poverty. *

DL

 

0770

However numerous and solid the soldiers be,
An army without a chief will lose its way.

NV

 

Notes:
762. SI gives an abstract translation: "When things go wrong, only veterans can stem the rot and turn the tide"
976. yama = God of Death.
768. Alternate rendering: "Even if lacking in virtues of offence and defence, an army can gain fame by virtue of its size" - NV

078 Pride of an army Translators Notes

0771

"Foes! Don't stand before my chief.
Many who stood now stand as stones!" *

PS

 

0772

Better collect the spear that missed an elephant
Than the arrow that killed a hare. *

PS

 

0773

Fierce courage is what they call valour,
But to help a foe in distress cuts deeper. *

SS, PS

 

0774

Losing his spear hurled at a tusker,
A hero grabs happily the one that pierced him. *

PS

Yes

0775

Is it not shameful for a hero to even let his
Watchful eyes wink when a spear is hurled?

NV

 

0776

The brave shall deem all the days devoid of battle wounds
As days gone waste.

SB, PS

 

0777

That hero, who gives up his life for fame,
Is worthy of being adorned with the anklet. *

PS

 

0778

Even a king's wrath cannot hold back heroes
Who do not fear their lives in battle. *

PS, SS

 

0779

Who dares to despise a man for not fulfilling 
A pledge he died to fulfill?

PS

 

0780

If death lies in glory that draws tears from the ruler,
It is worth seeking even in alms. *

JN

 

 

Notes:

774. i.e. having wounded an approaching elephant with his spike, the soldier looks around for another. Soon spots the one stuck to his body and happily pull it out.
 

079 Friendship Translators Notes

0781

What greater security exists than a secure friendship
As a protection against foes? *

SS

 

0782

Wise men's friendship waxes like the crescent 
And fools', like the full moon, wanes.

PS

 

0783

Being with good friends is like reading good books.
More time you spend, more the delight.

NV

 

0784

Friendship is not for merriment
But for stern reproach when friends go astray.

NV

Yes

0785

Identity of feelings makes friendship.
No need for friends to meet and long together. *

CR

 

0786

A smiling face alone makes no friendship,
But the heart should also smile with the face. *

VR

 

0787

Friendship saves from ruin, guides towards right, 
And shares the pain of distress. *

PS, GU

 

0788

Swift as the hand seizing a slipping garment,
Friendship acts to assuage a friend in distress. *

SS

 

0789

What is the throne of friendship? It is that resolve
Of unfailing support given at all time.

NV

 

0790

To boast, "He means so much to me and I to him,"
Merely demeans a friendship.

SS

Yes

 

Notes:
784. Compare with 447 and 795. "Who can ruin the man who commands the friendship of those who can reprove him?" –VS. "Seek a friend who will make you cry, rail and rate when you go astray" – PS
790. In other words: "Where competing claims are boastfully made, that friendship is demeaning" * - SI

 

080 Choosing friends Translators Notes

0791

Nothing worse than befriending one untried,
For friends once made should last forever.

NV, KS

 

0792

Friendship made without enquiries
Can cause lifetime trouble. *

SI

Yes

0793

Make one a friend after knowing his nature,
Family, fellows and flaws.

PS

 

0794

A man of birth and scrupulous honour
Is worth seeking even at a price.

PS

 

0795

Seek a friend who will make you cry, 
Rail and rate when you go astray.

PS

Yes

0796

Is there any yardstick better than adversity,
To spread out and measure friends? *

PS

 

0797

It is a gain by itself if one gets away
From the friendship of fools.

CR

 

0798

Dwell not in thoughts that dim your spirit
And befriend not those who desert in affliction. *

SS

 

0799

The thought of friend's betrayal in need
Rankles even on the deathbed. *

PS

 

0800

Seek the friendship of the pure, and shake off 
The worthless even at a price.

PS

 

 

Notes:
792. Short and crisp translation of this couplet [but not close to original]: "Make friends in haste and repent at leisure" – PS
795. Compare with 784: "Friendship is not for merriment
but for stern reproach when friends go astray" - NV

800. Compare with 794 for similar ideas.  Seek the worthy and shake off the worthless, even at a price.

 

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Key to the initials of different translators:

>
CR - C. Rajagopalachari KS - Kasthuri Sreenivasan SI - K.R. Srinivasa Iyengar
DL -W.H. Drew and  J. Lazarus KV - K. Krishnaswamy & Vijaya Ramkumar SM -S. Maharajan
DZ - S.M. Diaz MS - M.S. Poornalingam Pillai SS - Satguru  Subramuniyaswami
EL - F.W. Ellis NC - Norman Cutler TD - S. Thandapani Desikar
GU - G.U. Pope NV - N.V.K. Ashraf TK - T.K. Chidambaranatha Mudaliar
GV - G. Vanmikanathan PS - P.S. Sundaram VC - V.C. Kulandai Swamy
JN - J. Narayanaswamy SB - Shuddhananda Bharatiar VR  - V. Ramasamy
KK - K. Kannan SD - S.D. Rajendran VS - V.V.S. Aiyar
KN - K.N. Subramanyam SG - G. Siromoney, S. Govindaraju & M. Chandrasekaran,

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