Tirukkural: Getting close to the original

In Spirit, Content and Style

The 'choicest' of all translations in English

 

Edited by: N.V.K. Ashraf

 

This Tirukkural translation in English is drawn from a comparative study of 25 different translations. Sixteen of these were either complete or partial translations and the remaining nine were translations that appeared in articles, monographs and books authored by different people on Tirukkural and Tiruvalluvar. The choicest translation that is close to the original - in spirit, content and style - has been chosen for presentation. Preference has been given for brevity, simplicity and clarity. Emphasize was also laid on translations that manage to reflect, as much as possible, every word found in the original.  Sometimes translations of two authors were combined to produce the best reflection of the original. The translator or translators of every couplet have been acknowledged with their initials eg. PS, SS, SB, VS etc. in a separate column. The initials have been expanded with the full names of these translators at the end of this page. When no translation was found particularly satisfactory, I chose to render them myself. These have been marked by initial NV. An astrix * at the end of a translation indicate that the rendering has been improved upon, either by adding/replacing words or deleting words found to be unnecessary. To know more on the process of this comparison and criteria of selection, click here: Comparing Tirukkural translations to unfold the best

Division II. Wealth

 

081 Familiarity Translators Notes

0801

Call that an old friendship
Where liberties are not resented.

PS

 

0802

True friendship permits liberties and to concede to it
Is the duty of the wise. *

KK

 

0803

What is that intimacy which does not approve
And reciprocate liberties?

PS

 

0804

The wise take in good spirit if friends, by right of familiarity,
Do things without asking. *

SS, DL

 

0805

When friends hurt, attribute it to either ignorance
Or privileges of friendship. *

SS

Yes

0806

Those bound by intimacy never desert their old pals
Even if they bring loss. *

SS

 

0807

In a friendship built on love, friends do not cease to love
Even when there is betrayal. *

GU, NV

 

0808

Close friends who won't listen to friend's faults,
Hail in silence the day they offend. *

SS, PS

 

0809

The world will cherish those friends
Who never forsake old, unbroken friendships.

SS

 

0810

Even adversaries admire the character of old friends
Who don't part.

NV, JN

 

 

Notes:

805. Compare with 700. "Unworthy acts under the trust of old friendship lead to ruinous woes" - JN
 

082 Bad friendship Translators Notes
0811 The hypocrite's flattering friendship pleases more
As it wanes than as it grows. *
SI  
0812 What matters if one gain or lose that unsettling friendship
Which sticks and ends at will?
NV, PS Yes
0813 Those who weigh friendship for gain
Are no different from whores and frauds.
NV  
0814 Better to be alone than befriend those,
Who, like a broken horse, throw you down.
NV  
0815 Better to forfeit than seek the friendship of the base
Who betray at need. *
PS, SS  
0816 A wise man's enmity is a million of times better
Than a fool's fast friendship. *
PS  
0817 Ten million times better the enmity of foes 
Than the friendship of jesters and fools. *
PS  
0818 Drop silently the friends who pose
And won't help when they can.
PS  
0819 Friends whose words differ from their deeds 
Distress even in dreams.
PS  
0820 Keep them far off who are friends at home 
And foes in public.
PS  

Notes:
812: A short and crisp translation, but not close to original:  "What matters if one gain or lose a motivated friendship?" – PS

083 False friendship Translators Notes

0821

Posing friends treat you like an anvil
To strike you at the opportune time. *

 DZ, KV

 

0822

Fickle as a woman's heart is the friendship of those
Who act like friends.

 PS, NV

 

0823

Hard for the ignoble to be good-hearted,
No matter how well educated they are. *

 MS

 

0824

Beware of those deceits who, with a smiling face,
Conceal bitterness in their hearts.

 NV

 

0825

Trust not the mere words of those
Whose minds don't agree with us. *

 PS

Yes

0826

A foe's words though seem friendly and good 
Can be read at once. *

 PS

 

0827

Trust not the bowing speech of your foe.
A bending bow is a sign of imminent danger.

 PS, NV

 

0828

Like a dagger concealed in folded hands
Is the mourning tears of foes. *

 PS, NV

 

0829

Cajole and crush with friendly guise
Those who flatter you but despise within. *

 SB, PS

 

0830

While playing a friend to foes, keep a friendly face
But banish them from thy heart.

  JN, SS

 

 

Notes:  
825: A short and crisp translation but not close to original: "When minds do not agree don't trust mere words" - PS

 

084 Folly Translators Notes
0831 If there is a thing called folly,
It is seizing what brings ill and letting the good slip. *
PS  
0832 Folly among follies is the fondness for doing things
Beyond one's reach. *
JN, CR Yes
0833 Shamelessness, aimlessness, callousness and listlessness
Are marks of foolishness. *
SB  
0834 There is no greater fool than he
Who has studied and taught, but lacks control.
PS  
0835 A fool does deeds in a single birth 
That will plunge him in hell in the succeeding seven.
PS  
0836 When a half-baked fool takes on a task, 
The task is undone, and so is he! *
PS  
0837 Should a fool get hold of a great fortune,
Strangers will feast while his kindred starve. *
VS  
0838 A fool getting hold of wealth 
Is like a lunatic getting drunk.
PS  
0839 Sweet indeed is a fool's friendship,
For when it breaks there is no pain.
PS  
0840 A fool's entry into a learned assembly
Is like entering a shrine with unclean legs.
NV, PS Yes

Notes:
832. The interpretation of this couplet could vary depending on how the words in the second line are combined and read. One way is to split as: "
கை அல்லதன்கண் செயல்".  The other way is: "கைஅல்ல தன்கண் செயல்." The translation given above is based on the second method of word combination. If we are to follow the first, an equally valid translation is "The folly of all follies is to enjoy doing what one is forbidden to do" – SS.
840. The word "
பள்ளி" here is usually taken by almost all translators as "bed". If we are to translate "கழாக் கால் பள்ளியுள் வைத்தற்றால்" as "placing a dirty foot on a clean bed" – as it is usually done – then the phrase employed by Valluvar should have been "பள்ளிமேல்" and not "பள்ளியுள்" as is the case here. The monasteries of the Jains and Buddhist monks were called "பள்ளி" in the ancient Tamil country [Varadarajan, 1988]. Following the near total disappearance of Buddhism and Jainism from Southern India, this word has now been used to denote the places of worship of Muslims and Christians. Hindu temples were always called by the names கோயில், ஆலயம், அம்பலம் and never by the word பள்ளி.

085 Inflated ignorance Translators Notes

0841

The lack of lacks is the lack of knowledge.
Other lacks are not deemed such by the world.

PS

 

0842

Should a fool gift a thing heartily, it is nothing but
Due to the penance of the recipient. *

SM

 

0843

The harm fools do to themselves 
Is beyond anything their foes do to them.

PS

 

0844

What is stupidity? It is that vanity
Which dares to declare, "I am wise."

SS

 

0845

Pretence to learning not learnt, 
Calls in question the learning learnt.

PS

 

0846

Can a fool be said to be clothed 
When his faults lie exposed?

PS

 

0847

A fool who can't hold on to rare secrets
Does great harm to himself.

NV, PS

 

0848

Heeds no advice; knows nothing wise;
His life is an illness till he dies.

KS

 

0849

He is a fool, who tries to open the eyes of a fool,
For a fool sees things only his own way. *

VS

 

0850

He who denies what the world affirms 
Will be thought a demon on earth. *

 PS

 

 

086 Hostility Translators Notes

0851

Hatred, they say, is the disease
That spreads the plague of discord among all life. *

SS

 

0852

Even if disagreeable things are done to cause rift,
Better do nothing painful to avoid conflict. *

DL, NV

 

0853

If that dire disease called hostility is discarded,
What yields is undying everlasting fame. *

MS

 

0854

When the misery of miseries called malice ceases,
There comes the joy of joys. *

PS

 

0855

Who can ever overcome the one, 
Who refuses to give in to feelings of hatred?

KV

 

0856

Want and ruin will soon befall the life of one
Who delights in excess hostility. *

KS, NV

Yes

0857

Those learned rapt up in destructive hate
Will never see the triumphant nature of truth. *

PS, DL

 

0858

To resist hatred is a gain.
Yielding to it, one is overcome by ruin. *

PS, KV

 

0859

Destined to prosper one will not look at hatred.
Destined for ruin, one will see it all the time.

PS

 

0860

From hatred comes all evil.
And from friendship the pride of goodness.

PS, NV

 


Notes:
856. An alternate translation, though not close to original: "He who revels in discord will soon be overtaken by suffering" – KV.
 

087 Might of enemies Translators Notes
0861 Avoid opposing the strong.
Cherish your desire of enmity with the weak. *
DL, NV  
0862 No love, great support, or own strength has he!
How can he survive a strong enemy? *
MS, SB  
0863 A coward, ignorant, unsocial and mean
Is an easy prey to his enemy.
PS  
0864 The unrestrained and angry are an easy prey 
To anyone, anytime, anywhere.
PS  
0865 Foes prefer the tactless and shameless one
Who cares not for codes and scorns.
NV  
0866 Those with blind fury and inordinate lust
Are vulnerable enemies to be nursed with.
NV  
0867 He is a foe worth purchasing
Who starts a fight and does all wrong.
PS  
0868 Enemies will rejoice the one
With no virtues, many vices, and no allies. *
VS  
0869 Enemies' joy has no bounds
When they get a fool and coward as a foe. *
PS, SB  
0870 No glory or gain can ever come to one 
Who cannot overcome an ignorant foe. *
KV Yes

Notes:
870. A couplet that has been translated differently by different authors: SS puts it as: "Fame will escape the grasp of those who fail to grasp the wealth of fools who failed to learn". Manakkudavar, one of the great ancient commentators of Kural, takes these words "
கல்லான், வெகுளும், சிறுபொருள்" to mean "ignorant, angry and deficient" as attributes of an enemy [Diaz, 2000]. Other interesting translation is: "Fame will escape him who lets escape an easy victory over a fool" – PS.

088 Knowing enemy's strength Translators Notes
0871 One should never wish for the accursed thing
Called enmity, even in jest.
SS Yes
0872 Make foes, if you must, with bowmen
And never of men whose weapon is their tongue. *
PS, VS  
0873 It is worse than madness for one who has no allies,
To make numerous enemies.
CR  
0874 The world is secure under one
Whose nature can make friends of foes.
PS  
0875 While facing two foes, unaided and alone,
Make one your friend. *
PS  
0876 In times of crisis, be wary of joining or opposing any,
Whether tested or untested. *
KV, NV  
0877 Keep your sorrows from strangers
And your weakness from foes. *
PS  
0878 Engineer, execute and defend.
Thus keep the pride of your foes at bay.
SS, JN  
0879 Cut a thorny shrub when young.
Allowed to grow, it injures the hand that cuts.
NV  
0880 Those who can't crush the pride of defying foes
Will cease to breathe long. *
VS  

Notes:
871. Compare with 995. "Mockery hurts even in jest, and hence the considerate are courteous even to their foes" * - PS

089 Foe within Translators Notes
0881

Even shade and water unwholesome can harm

Likewise one’s kinsmen if they hurt. * (PS)

PS  
0882 No need to fear an enemy wielding a sword.
Beware of enemies posing as friends. *
KV  
0883 Guard against the foe within, lest he strike you
In times of peril like the potter's knife. *
KK, PS  
0884 When hidden hatreds lurk in the mind,
Myriad miseries manifest among kin. *
SS  
0885 Hidden hatred amongst kinsman
Can cause all sorts of deadly sorrows. *
SS, KV  
0886 Unanimity will disappear for ever
Once disunity arises within a union.
NV  
0887 A house that harbours hatred, like a vial and its lid, 
Seems one but comes apart. *
PS, SS  
0888 A family with internal frictions wears out
And loses its strength like gold being filed. *
DL  
0889 Even a dissent as small as a seed,
Can trigger that destructive internal hatred.
NV  
0890 To partner one with a hidden hate
Is to share a hut with a cobra.
PS  

 

090 Not offending the great Translators Notes

0891

The best way to guard oneself is to not spite
The powers of the prowess. *

SS, PS

 

0892

Irreverence to the great will lead
To endless trouble through them.

PS

 

0893

If destruction you desire, provoke those
Who in turn can destroy as they desire. *

SS

Yes

0894

For the weak to challenge the mighty 
Is to summon yama with the hand.

PS, SS

Yes

0895

Where can he go and how can he thrive,
Who falls foul of a powerful king?

SB, PS

 

0896

One may survive even if burnt in fire
But no survival for those who offend the great. *

SS, PS

 

0897

What avails glorious life and great wealth
If one incurs the wrath of the virtuous great? *

SS

 

0898

If you underestimate the eminent,
You will be shaken off the earth of all your ties. *

MS, JN

 

0899

Even the mightiest of kings can perish midway
If men of high repute burst in rage. *

DL, KV

 

0900

Even men with all their might and aid
Cannot be saved if great sages frown. *

NV, VS

 

 

Notes:
893. The import of the couplet can be summed up this way: "To offend the powerful wantonly is to ask for trouble" - PS
894. yama is 'god of death'.
894. yama is ‘god of death’.  Compare with couplet 250 where Valluvar says “When you threaten one weaker than yourself, think of yourself before a bully”. (PS)

References:

Diaz, S.M. 2000. [Translator]. Tirukkural. Ramanandha Adigalar Foundation, Coimbatore. Pp 878
Varadarajan, Mu. 1988.
Translated from Tamil by E. Sa. Visswanathan. A history of Tamil literature. Sahitya Akademi. Pp 75.

 

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Key to the initials of different translators:

>
CR - C. Rajagopalachari KS - Kasthuri Sreenivasan SI - K.R. Srinivasa Iyengar
DL -W.H. Drew and  J. Lazarus KV - K. Krishnaswamy & Vijaya Ramkumar SM -S. Maharajan
DZ - S.M. Diaz MS - M.S. Poornalingam Pillai SS - Satguru  Subramuniyaswami
EL - F.W. Ellis NC - Norman Cutler TD - S. Thandapani Desikar
GU - G.U. Pope NV - N.V.K. Ashraf TK - T.K. Chidambaranatha Mudaliar
GV - G. Vanmikanathan PS - P.S. Sundaram VC - V.C. Kulandai Swamy
JN - J. Narayanaswamy SB - Shuddhananda Bharatiar VR  - V. Ramasamy
KK - K. Kannan SD - S.D. Rajendran VS - V.V.S. Aiyar
KN - K.N. Subramanyam SG - G. Siromoney, S. Govindaraju & M. Chandrasekaran,

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