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Tirukkural: Getting close to the original |
In Spirit, Content and Style |
|
The 'choicest' of all translations in
English |
Edited by: N.V.K. Ashraf
This Tirukkural translation in English is drawn from a comparative study of 25 different translations. Sixteen of these were either complete or partial translations and the remaining nine were translations that appeared in articles, monographs and books authored by different people on Tirukkural and Tiruvalluvar. The choicest translation that is close to the original - in spirit, content and style - has been chosen for presentation. Preference has been given for brevity, simplicity and clarity. Emphasize was also laid on translations that manage to reflect, as much as possible, every word found in the original. Sometimes translations of two authors were combined to produce the best reflection of the original. The translator or translators of every couplet have been acknowledged with their initials eg. PS, SS, SB, VS etc. in a separate column. The initials have been expanded with the full names of these translators at the end of this page. When no translation was found particularly satisfactory, I chose to render them myself. These have been marked by initial NV. An astrix * at the end of a translation indicate that the rendering has been improved upon, either by adding/replacing words or deleting words found to be unnecessary. To know more on the process of this comparison and criteria of selection, click here: Comparing Tirukkural translations to unfold the best.
Division II. Wealth
081 | Familiarity | Translators | Notes |
0801 |
Call that an old
friendship |
PS |
|
0802 |
True friendship
permits liberties and to concede to it |
KK |
|
0803 |
What is that intimacy
which does not approve |
PS |
|
0804 |
The wise take in good
spirit if friends, by right of familiarity, |
SS, DL |
|
0805 |
When friends hurt,
attribute it to either ignorance |
SS |
Yes |
0806 |
Those bound by
intimacy never desert their old pals |
SS |
|
0807 |
In a friendship built
on love, friends do not cease to love |
GU, NV |
|
0808 |
Close friends who
won't listen to friend's faults, |
SS, PS |
|
0809 |
The world will cherish
those friends |
SS |
|
0810 |
Even adversaries
admire the character of old friends |
NV, JN |
Notes:
805. Compare with 700. "Unworthy acts under the trust of old friendship lead to
ruinous woes" - JN
082 | Bad friendship | Translators | Notes |
0811 |
The hypocrite's flattering friendship
pleases more As it wanes than as it grows. * |
SI | |
0812 |
What matters if one gain or lose that
unsettling friendship Which sticks and ends at will? |
NV, PS | Yes |
0813 |
Those who weigh friendship for gain Are no different from whores and frauds. |
NV | |
0814 |
Better to be alone than befriend those,
Who, like a broken horse, throw you down. |
NV | |
0815 |
Better to forfeit than seek the friendship
of the base Who betray at need. * |
PS, SS | |
0816 |
A wise man's enmity is a million of times
better Than a fool's fast friendship. * |
PS | |
0817 |
Ten million times better the enmity of
foes Than the friendship of jesters and fools. * |
PS | |
0818 |
Drop silently the friends who pose And won't help when they can. |
PS | |
0819 |
Friends whose words differ from their
deeds Distress even in dreams. |
PS | |
0820 |
Keep them far off who are friends at home And foes in public. |
PS |
Notes:
812: A short and crisp translation, but not close to original: "What matters if
one gain or lose a motivated friendship?" – PS
083 | False friendship | Translators | Notes |
0821 |
Posing friends treat
you like an anvil |
DZ, KV |
|
0822 |
Fickle as a woman's
heart is the friendship of those |
PS, NV |
|
0823 |
Hard for the ignoble
to be good-hearted, |
MS |
|
0824 |
Beware of those
deceits who, with a smiling face, |
NV |
|
0825 |
Trust not the mere
words of those |
PS |
Yes |
0826 |
A foe's words though
seem friendly and good |
PS |
|
0827 |
Trust not the bowing
speech of your foe. |
PS, NV |
|
0828 |
Like a dagger
concealed in folded hands |
PS, NV |
|
0829 |
Cajole and crush with
friendly guise |
SB, PS |
|
0830 |
While playing a friend
to foes, keep a friendly face |
JN, SS |
Notes:
825: A short and crisp translation but not close to original: "When minds do not
agree don't trust mere words" - PS
084 | Folly | Translators | Notes |
0831 |
If there is a thing called folly, It is seizing what brings ill and letting the good slip. * |
PS | |
0832 |
Folly among follies is the fondness for doing things Beyond one's reach. * |
JN, CR | Yes |
0833 |
Shamelessness, aimlessness, callousness and
listlessness Are marks of foolishness. * |
SB | |
0834 |
There is no greater fool than he Who has studied and taught, but lacks control. |
PS | |
0835 |
A fool does deeds in a single birth That will plunge him in hell in the succeeding seven. |
PS | |
0836 |
When a half-baked fool takes on a task, The task is undone, and so is he! * |
PS | |
0837 |
Should a fool get hold of a great fortune, Strangers will feast while his kindred starve. * |
VS | |
0838 |
A fool getting hold of wealth Is like a lunatic getting drunk. |
PS | |
0839 |
Sweet indeed is a fool's friendship, For when it breaks there is no pain. |
PS | |
0840 |
A fool's entry into a learned assembly Is like entering a shrine with unclean legs. |
NV, PS | Yes |
Notes:
832. The interpretation of this couplet could vary depending on how the words in
the second line are combined and read. One way is to split as: "கை
அல்லதன்கண் செயல்".
The
other way is: "கைஅல்ல
தன்கண் செயல்." The translation given above
is based on the second method of word combination. If we are to follow the
first, an equally valid translation is "The folly of all follies is to enjoy
doing what one is forbidden to do" – SS.
840. The word "பள்ளி"
here is usually taken by almost all translators as "bed". If we are to translate
"கழாக்
கால் பள்ளியுள் வைத்தற்றால்" as "placing a
dirty foot on a clean bed" – as it is usually done – then the phrase
employed by Valluvar should have been "பள்ளிமேல்"
and not "பள்ளியுள்"
as is the case here. The monasteries of the Jains and Buddhist monks were called
"பள்ளி"
in the ancient Tamil country [Varadarajan, 1988]. Following the near total
disappearance of Buddhism and Jainism from Southern India, this word has now
been used to denote the places of worship of Muslims and Christians. Hindu
temples were always called by the names
கோயில்,
ஆலயம், அம்பலம்
and never by the word
பள்ளி.
085 | Inflated ignorance | Translators | Notes |
0841 |
The lack of lacks is the
lack of knowledge. |
PS |
|
0842 |
Should a fool gift a thing
heartily, it is nothing but |
SM |
|
0843 |
The harm fools do to
themselves |
PS |
|
0844 |
What is stupidity? It is
that vanity |
SS |
|
0845 |
Pretence to learning not
learnt, |
PS |
|
0846 |
Can a fool be said to be
clothed |
PS |
|
0847 |
A fool who can't hold on to
rare secrets |
NV, PS |
|
0848 |
Heeds no advice; knows
nothing wise; |
KS |
|
0849 |
He is a fool, who tries to
open the eyes of a fool, |
VS |
|
0850 |
He who denies what the world
affirms |
PS |
086 | Hostility | Translators | Notes |
0851 |
Hatred, they say, is the
disease |
SS |
|
0852 |
Even if disagreeable things
are done to cause rift, |
DL, NV |
|
0853 |
If that dire disease called
hostility is discarded, |
MS |
|
0854 |
When the misery of miseries
called malice ceases, |
PS |
|
0855 |
Who can ever overcome the
one, |
KV |
|
0856 |
Want and ruin will soon
befall the life of one |
KS, NV |
Yes |
0857 |
Those learned rapt up in
destructive hate |
PS, DL |
|
0858 |
To resist hatred is a gain. |
PS, KV |
|
0859 |
Destined to prosper one will
not look at hatred. |
PS |
|
0860 |
From hatred comes all evil.
|
PS, NV |
Notes:
856. An alternate translation, though not close to
original: "He who revels in discord will soon be overtaken by suffering" – KV.
087 | Might of enemies | Translators | Notes |
0861 |
Avoid opposing the strong. Cherish your desire of enmity with the weak. * |
DL, NV | |
0862 |
No love, great support, or own strength has
he! How can he survive a strong enemy? * |
MS, SB | |
0863 |
A coward, ignorant, unsocial and mean Is an easy prey to his enemy. |
PS | |
0864 |
The unrestrained and angry are an easy
prey To anyone, anytime, anywhere. |
PS | |
0865 |
Foes prefer the tactless and shameless one Who cares not for codes and scorns. |
NV | |
0866 |
Those with blind fury and inordinate lust
Are vulnerable enemies to be nursed with. |
NV | |
0867 |
He is a foe worth purchasing Who starts a fight and does all wrong. |
PS | |
0868 |
Enemies will rejoice the one With no virtues, many vices, and no allies. * |
VS | |
0869 |
Enemies' joy has no bounds When they get a fool and coward as a foe. * |
PS, SB | |
0870 |
No glory or gain can ever come to one Who cannot overcome an ignorant foe. * |
KV | Yes |
Notes:
870. A couplet that has been translated differently by different authors: SS
puts it as: "Fame will escape the grasp of those who fail to grasp the wealth of
fools who failed to learn". Manakkudavar, one of the great ancient commentators
of Kural, takes these words "கல்லான்,
வெகுளும்,
சிறுபொருள்" to mean "ignorant, angry and
deficient" as attributes of an enemy [Diaz, 2000]. Other interesting translation
is: "Fame will escape him who lets
escape an easy victory over a fool" – PS.
088 | Knowing enemy's strength | Translators | Notes |
0871 |
One should never wish for the accursed
thing Called enmity, even in jest. |
SS | Yes |
0872 |
Make foes, if you must, with bowmen And never of men whose weapon is their tongue. * |
PS, VS | |
0873 |
It is worse than madness for one who has no
allies, To make numerous enemies. |
CR | |
0874 |
The world is secure under one Whose nature can make friends of foes. |
PS | |
0875 |
While facing two foes, unaided and alone,
Make one your friend. * |
PS | |
0876 |
In times of crisis, be
wary of joining or opposing any, Whether tested or untested. * |
KV, NV | |
0877 |
Keep your sorrows from strangers And your weakness from foes. * |
PS | |
0878 |
Engineer, execute and defend. Thus keep the pride of your foes at bay. |
SS, JN | |
0879 |
Cut a thorny shrub when young. Allowed to grow, it injures the hand that cuts. |
NV | |
0880 |
Those who can't crush the pride of
defying foes Will cease to breathe long. * |
VS |
Notes:
871. Compare with 995. "Mockery hurts even in jest, and hence the considerate
are courteous even to their foes" * - PS
089 | Foe within | Translators | Notes |
0881 |
Even shade and water unwholesome can harm Likewise one’s kinsmen if they hurt. * (PS) |
PS | |
0882 |
No need to fear an enemy wielding a sword. Beware of enemies posing as friends. * |
KV | |
0883 |
Guard against the foe within, lest
he strike you In times of peril like the potter's knife. * |
KK, PS | |
0884 |
When hidden hatreds lurk in the mind, Myriad miseries manifest among kin. * |
SS | |
0885 |
Hidden hatred amongst kinsman Can cause all sorts of deadly sorrows. * |
SS, KV | |
0886 |
Unanimity will disappear for ever Once disunity arises within a union. |
NV | |
0887 |
A house that harbours hatred, like a vial
and its lid, Seems one but comes apart. * |
PS, SS | |
0888 |
A family with internal frictions wears out
And loses its strength like gold being filed. * |
DL | |
0889 |
Even a dissent as small as a seed, Can trigger that destructive internal hatred. |
NV | |
0890 |
To partner one with a hidden hate Is to share a hut with a cobra. |
PS |
090 | Not offending the great | Translators | Notes |
0891 |
The best way to guard
oneself is to not spite |
SS, PS |
|
0892 |
Irreverence to the great
will lead |
PS |
|
0893 |
If destruction you desire,
provoke those |
SS |
Yes |
0894 |
For the weak to challenge
the mighty |
PS, SS |
Yes |
0895 |
Where can he go and how can
he thrive, |
SB, PS |
|
0896 |
One may survive even if
burnt in fire |
SS, PS |
|
0897 |
What avails glorious life
and great wealth |
SS |
|
0898 |
If you underestimate the
eminent, |
MS, JN |
|
0899 |
Even the mightiest of kings
can perish midway |
DL, KV |
|
0900 |
Even men with all their
might and aid |
NV, VS |
Notes:
893. The import of the couplet can be summed up this way: "To offend the
powerful wantonly is to ask for trouble" - PS
894. yama is 'god of death'.
894. yama
is ‘god of death’. Compare with couplet 250 where Valluvar says “When you
threaten one weaker than yourself, think of yourself before a bully”. (PS)
References:
Diaz, S.M. 2000.
[Translator]. Tirukkural. Ramanandha Adigalar Foundation, Coimbatore. Pp 878
Varadarajan, Mu. 1988. Translated from Tamil by E. Sa.
Visswanathan. A history of Tamil literature. Sahitya Akademi. Pp 75.
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Key to the initials of different translators:
CR - C. Rajagopalachari | KS - Kasthuri Sreenivasan | SI - K.R. Srinivasa Iyengar |
DL -W.H. Drew and J. Lazarus | >KV - K. Krishnaswamy & Vijaya Ramkumar | SM -S. Maharajan |
DZ - S.M. Diaz | MS - M.S. Poornalingam Pillai | SS - Satguru Subramuniyaswami |
EL - F.W. Ellis | NC - Norman Cutler | TD - S. Thandapani Desikar |
GU - G.U. Pope | NV - N.V.K. Ashraf | TK - T.K. Chidambaranatha Mudaliar |
GV - G. Vanmikanathan | PS - P.S. Sundaram | VC - V.C. Kulandai Swamy |
JN - J. Narayanaswamy | SB - Shuddhananda Bharatiar | VR - V. Ramasamy |
KK - K. Kannan | SD - S.D. Rajendran | VS - V.V.S. Aiyar |
KN - K.N. Subramanyam | SG - G. Siromoney, S. Govindaraju & M. Chandrasekaran, |
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