METAETHICS RAWLS KANT EPISTEMOLOGIA MORAL EPISTEMOLOGY METAÉTICA META-ÉTICA META-ETHICS JUSTICE DIREITO RIGHT JUSTIÇA Nythamar de Oliveira

PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM FILOSOFIA

ÉTICA E POLÍTICA: INDIVÍDUO, SOCIEDADE E ESTADO

METAÉTICA E EPISTEMOLOGIA MORAL EM KANT & RAWLS - 2006/II

1. EMENTA: Metaética e Epistemologia Moral em Kant e Rawls

Introdução a problemas de metaética e epistemologia moral em Immanuel Kant e John Rawls, à luz das recentes contribuições de filósofos analíticos, particularmente das Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy (2000) do segundo e de textos seminais como Moral Realism and the Foundations of Ethics (1989) de David O. Brink, The Moral Problem (1994) de Michael Smith e Kant and the Foundations of Analytic Philosophy (2001) de Robert Hanna. Neste seminário, revisitaremos as contribuições de Kant, Hume e Rawls para a epistemologia moral, assim como a problemática da recepção analítica de Kant, particularmente no vasto campo de pesquisas em metaética. O campo delimitado pela "epistemologia moral", seguindo Ernest Sosa e outros filósofos analíticos de língua inglesa, tem procurado dar conta do problema suscitado pelo confronto entre questões de ontologia e linguagem e as mais recentes elaborações de uma filosofia moral pós-metafísica, sobretudo a partir dos trabalhos de G.E. Moore e A.J. Ayer em metaética e de B. Russell e L. Wittgenstein em epistemologia, no início do século, e mais recentemente de R.M. Hare, J. Mackie, W.V. Quine, D. Davidson, K. Lehrer, R. Audi, T. Nagel, S. Blackburn, P. Railton e R. Brandom. O estado atual das pesquisas sobre epistemologia moral e metaética e sua aplicabilidade em ética normativa, ética aplicada e filosofia política divide-se entre aqueles que defendem uma concepção utilitarista do realismo moral em Kant (autores de língua inglesa, sobretudo ligados aos trabalhos de Hare e epígonos) e aqueles que seguem uma concepção procedimentalista ou construtivista do anti-realismo na filosofia moral de Kant (Rawls, Habermas, O’Neill, Pogge, Wood, Schneewind). A partir do segundo grupo de autores, notavelmente após a publicação do livro seminal de Brink, vários estudos têm procurado resgatar um modelo cognitivista em ética e filosofia política, de forma a evitar os dilemas e aporias decorrentes da mera redução do realismo ao intuicionismo ou da rotulação de falácia naturalista às abordagens que operam um retorno pós-kantiano a Hume. O ceticismo e o não-cognitivismo em moral têm se mostrado, com efeito, bem mais fecundos para o problema da moral do que nos fazem crer os novos anti-fundacionalismos modernos e pós-modernos. Através da leitura, exposição e discussão aprofundada de textos seletos de Rawls e interlocutores, investigar-se-á a problemática articulação entre os legados de Hume e Kant para a epistemologia moral e em que sentido o construtivismo rawlsiano merece a denominação de "uma deontologia com face humeana".

2. PLANO DE ENSINO:

2.1. Objetivos:

Explorar o caráter interrogante da filosofia moral, aplicado à formulação de proposições práticas e teorias éticas; problematizar definições da ética e da moral, da leitura de Kant, Rawls e autores analíticos, da epistemologia moral e da metaética. Aprofundar os conceitos de crença racional, desejo, motivação, juízo moral, realismo moral, ceticismo, anti-realismo, cognitivismo e não-cognitivismo, relativismo, semântica transcendental, livre arbítrio, vontade, justificação, construtivismo, procedimentalismo, universalismo, comunitarismo, racionalidade, equilíbrio reflexivo, razoabilidade e razão pública. Proporcionar ao estudante um background filosófico na teoria moral, metaética e no pensamento epistemológico-moral contemporâneo, a fim de desenvolver sua própria reflexão crítica.

2.2. Conteúdos Programáticos:

Introdução à epistemologia moral de Kant e Rawls, e suas implicações para a metaética. Aprofundamento teórico da filosofia moral de Kant e Rawls, à luz de comentadores analíticos.

2.3. Metodologia:

Trata-se de um curso expositivo-participativo, no qual serão requeridas leituras semanais, apresentações orais e a participação do aluno nos debates e workshops.

2.4. Avaliação:

Freqüência obrigatória. Apresentação oral (pelo menos uma, em sala de aula). No final do semestre, entrega de um trabalho escrito (paper de 30 ou mais páginas; tópico e bibliografia a serem previamente discutidos com o professor).

2.5. Bibliografia:

2.5.1. Leituras obrigatórias (passagens selecionadas):

KANT, Immanuel. Kritik der praktischen Vernunft. (KpV, 1788).
---------. Grundlegung der Metaphysik der Sitten (GMS, 1785).
---------. Metaphysik der Sitten: Tugendlehre (1797).
---------. Über den Gemeinspruch: Das mag in der Theorie richtig sein, taugt aber nicht für die Praxis (1793).
RAWLS, John. Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy (2000)
BRINK, David O. Moral Realism and the Foundations of Ethics (1989)
SMITH, Michael. The Moral Problem. (1994)
HANNA, Robert. Kant and the Foundations of Analytic Philosophy (2001)

2.5.2. Leituras complementares:

Allison, Henry E., 1990. Kant’s Theory of Freedom. Cambridge University Press.

---------, 1996. Idealism and Freedom: Essays on Kant’s Theoretical and Practical Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.

Almeida, Claudio de, 2001. “What Moore’s paradox is about,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research vol. 62, no. 1 (January2001): 33-58.

----------, 2000. “Moore’s paradox,” in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, ed. Robert Audi. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Almeida, Guido A. de. “Kant e o ‘facto da razão’: cognitivismo ou decisionismo moral?”. Studia Kantiana 1/1 (1998): 53-81.

Anderson, Lyle V., 1985. “Moral Dilemmas, Deliberation, and Choice,” The Journal of Philosophy 82 : 139-162.

Atkinson, R.F., 1965. “Consistency in Ethics,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society supp, vol. 39 : 125-138.

Audi, Robert, 2001.The architecture of reason: the structure and substance of rationality. Oxford U. Press, 2001.

----------, 1999. “Moral knowledge and ethical pluralism,” in The Blackwell guide to epistemology, edited by John Greco and Ernest Sosa. Blackwell, 1999.

----------, 1997. Moral Knowledge and Ethical Character. New York: Oxford University Press.

----------, 1998. Epistemology : a contemporary introduction to the theory of knowledge. London : Routledge.

Ayer, A.J., 1936. Language, Truth and Logic. London: Gollancz.

Baron, Marcia, Philip Pettit, and Michael Slote, 1998. Three Methods of Ethics. Oxford: Blackwell.

Baumrin, Bernard H., and Peter Lupu, 1984. “A Common Occurrence: Conflicting Duties,” Metaphilosophy 15 : 77-90.

Baynes, Kenneth, 1992. The Normative Grounds of Social Criticism: Kant, Rawls, Habermas. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.

Beck, Lewis White, A Commentary on Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason. University of Chicago Press, 1960.

Bernstein, Richard J., 1971. Praxis and Action. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

---------, 1985. Beyond Objectivism and Relativism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

---------, 1976. The Restructuring of Social and Political Theory. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Bishop, J., Hugh J.McCann, 1998. The Works of Agency: On Human Action, Will, and Freedom. Cornell University Press. Review in Philosophical Books 42, 232-233, 2001.

Bishop, J., Kevin Magill, 1997. Freedom and Experience, Self-Determination without Illusions. London: Macmillan. Review in Mind 108, 590-595, 1999.

Blackburn, Simon, 1984. Spreading the Word. New York: Oxford University Press.

---------, 1993. Essays in Quasi-Realism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

---------, 1996. “Dilemmas: Dithering, Plumping, and Grief,” in Mason (1996): 127-139.

Bonjour, Laurence and Ernst Sosa, 2003, Epistemic justification: internalism vs. externalism, foundations vs. virtues. Malden: Blackwell.

Bonjour, Laurence, 1998. In defense of pure reason: a rationalist account of a priori justification. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bradley, F. H., 1927. Ethical Studies, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Brandom, Robert, 1994. Making It Explicit: Reasoning, Representing, and Discursive Commitment. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

---------, 2002. Tales of the Mighty Dead: Historical Essays in the Metaphysics of Intentionality. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

---------, 2000. Articulating Reasons: An Introduction to Inferentialism. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Brink, David O., 1989. Moral Realism and the Foundations of Ethics, New York: Cambridge University Press.

---------.1994. “Moral Conflict and Its Structure,” The Philosophical Review 103 (1994) : 215-247 [Reprinted in Mason (1996): 102-126]

Campbell, Richmond and Bruce Hunter, editors, 2000. Moral Epistemology Naturalized. Calgary University Press.

Castañeda, Hector-Neri, 1974. The Structure of Morality, Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

---------. 1978. “Conflicts of Duties and Morality,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 38: 564-574.

Chambers, Simone, 1997. Discourse and Procedural Ethics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Chisholm, Roderick M., 1963. “Contrary-to-Duty Imperatives and Deontic Logic,” Analysis 24 : 33-36.

Dahl, Norman O., 1974. “‘Ought’ Implies ‘Can’“ and Deontic Logic,” Philosophia 4 : 485-511.

---------,1996. “Morality, Moral Dilemmas, and Moral Requirements,” in Mason(1996): 86-101.

Dancy, Jonathan, 1993. Moral Reasons. Oxford: Blackwell.

Daniels, Norman (org.) Reading Rawls. Oxford: Blackwell, 1975.

Davidson, Donald, 1992. Mente, mundo y acción : claves para una interpretación. Barcelona : Paidós.

---------, 1972. Semantics of natural language. Boston : D. Reidel.

DeCew, Judith Wagner, 1990. “Moral Conflicts and Ethical Relativism,” Ethics 101: 27-41.

De Vita, Alvaro. A Justiça Igualitária e seus Críticos. São Paulo: Ed. Unesp, 2000.

---------. “A tarefa prática da filosofia política em John Rawls”. Lua Nova 25 (1992): 5-24.

Donagan, Alan, 1984. “Consistency in Rationalist Moral Systems,” The Journal of Philosophy 81 : 291-309 [Reprinted in Gowans (1987): 271-290]

---------. The Theory of Morality, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.

Dombrowski, Daniel A. Rawls and religion: the case for political liberalism. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001.

Ethics 99 (1989) No. Especial: “A Symposium on Rawls’s Theory of Justice”; 105 (1994) No. Especial: “A Symposium on Rawls’s Political Liberalism”; Número Especial:“A Symposium on Rawls's Theory of Justice”; Número Especial: “The Law of Peoples”

Feldman, Fred, 1986. Doing the Best We Can, Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Co.

Foot, Philippa, 1983. “Moral Realism and Moral Dilemma,” The Journal of Philosophy 80 : 379-398, [Reprinted in Gowans (1987): 271-290,]

Frankfurt, Harry, 1971. “Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person”, Journal of Philosophy 68 (1971): 5-20.

Freeman, Samuel (org.), 2003. The Cambridge Companion to Rawls. Cambridge U Press.

Giannotti, José Arthur. Apresentação do Mundo. São Paulo: Cia. das Letras,1995.

---------. “Contrato e Contrato Social”. Filosofia Política 6 (1991): 9-29.

Gewirth, Alan, 1978. Reason and Morality, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Gibbard, Allan, 1988. Hare’s Analysis of “Ought” and its Implications’, in Seanor and Fotion 1988.

Goodin, Robert, 1989. No Smoking: Ethical Issues. The University of Chicago Press.

-----------, 1992. Motivating Public Morality. Blackwell.

-----------, 1995. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.

-----------, 1998. Social Welfare as an Individual Responsibility: For and Against, with D. Schmidtz. Cambridge University Press.

-----------, 1999. The Real Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, with B. Headey, R. Muffels and H.-J. Dirven. Cambridge University Press.

-----------, 2003a. Reflective Democracy. Oxford University Press.

-----------, 2003b. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, co-edited with Philip Pettit. Reprinted (1993). Blackwell.

Gowans, Christopher W. (editor), 1987. Moral Dilemmas, New York: Oxford University Press.

Gregor, Mary, 1963. Laws of Freedom: A Study of Kant’s Method of Applying the Categorical Imperative in the Metaphysik der Sitten. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1963.

Guttenplan, Samuel, 1980. “Moral Realism and Moral Dilemma,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 80 : 61-80.

Guyer, Paul (org.), 1992. The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Cambridge University Press.

Guyer, Paul, 1996. Kant and the Experience of Freedom. Cambridge University Press.

Hanna, Robert, 2001. Kant and the Foundations of Analytic Philosophy. Clarendon/Oxford Univ. Press. (Em port. Ed. Unisinos).

Horgan, Terry and Mark Timmons (eds), 2006. Metaethics after Moore. Oxford : Clarendon Press; New York : Oxford University Press.

Hume, David, 1739. A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects, 3 volumes; volumes 1 and 2 (London, John Noon, 1739); volume 3 (London, Thomas Longman, 1740).

Hare, R. M., 1952. The Language of Morals. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

-----------, 1955. Universalizability’, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 55 (1954-55).

-----------, 1963. Freedom and Reason. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

-----------, 1981. Moral Thinking, its levels, method, and point. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

-----------, 1988. Comments’, in Seanor and Fotion 1988.

-----------, 1989. Essays in ethical theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Harsanyi, J. C., 1976. Essays on Ethics, Social Behavior, and Scientific Explanation. Reidel.

-----------, 1977. Rational Behavior and Bargaining Equilibrium in Games and Social Situations. Cambridge University Press.

-----------, 1982. Morality and the Theory of Rational Behaviour’, in Sen and Williams.

Herman, Barbara, 1993. The Practice of Moral Judgment. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Hill, Thomas E., Jr. 1983. “Moral Purity and the Lesser Evil,” The Monist 66 : 213-232.

---------, 1992. “A Kantian Perspective on Moral Rules,” Philosophical Perspectives 6 : 285-304.

---------, 1996. “Moral Dilemmas, Gaps, and Residues: A Kantian Perspective,” in Mason (1996): 167-198.

Höffe, Otfried, 1979. Ethik und Politik. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.

---------. Introduction à la philosophie pratique de Kant. Paris: Vrin, 1993.

---------. Principes du droit: Éthique, théorie juridique et philosophie sociale. Paris: Cerf, 1993.

Kant, Immanuel, 1788. Kritik der praktischen Vernunft. (KpV)

---------, 1785. Grundlegung der Metaphysik der Sitten (GMS)

---------, 1797. Metaphysik der Sitten: Rechtslehre - Tugendlehre.

---------, 1793. Über den Gemeinspruch: Das mag in der Theorie richtig sein, taugt aber nicht für die Praxis.

---------, 1784. Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltbürgerlicher Absicht

---------, 1795, Zum ewigen Frieden. (ZeF)

(All edited by Wilhelm Weischedel; Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1989; “Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Wissenschaft” in 12 vols.)

---------, 1963. Lectures on Ethics. org. L.W. Beck. Hackett.

Kersting,Wolfgang, 1984. Wohlgeordnete Freiheit: Immanuel Kants Rechts- und Staatsphilosophie. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1984.

---------, 1993. John Rawls zur Einführung. Hamburg: Junius.

Kolenda, Konstantin, 1975. “Moral Conflict and Universalizability,” Philosophy 50 : 460-465.

Korsgaard, Christine, 1996. Sources of Normativity. Cambridge University Press.

---------, 1997. Creating the Kingdom of Ends.Cambridge University Press.

Kukathas, Chandran and Philip Pettit, 1990. Rawls: A Theory of Justice and its critics. Oxford: Polity.

Lehrer, Keith, 1990. Metamind. Oxford.

---------, 1990. Theory of Knowledge. Westview.

Lemmon, E.J., 1965. “Deontic Logic and the Logic of Imperatives,” Logique et Analyse 8 : 39-71.

Mackie, John, 1977. Ethics – Inventing Right and Wrong. New York: Penguin Books.

Mason, H.E., (editor), 1996. Moral Dilemmas and Moral Theory, New York: Oxford University Press.

McCarthy, Thomas, 1994. “Kantian Constructivism and Reconstructivism: Rawls and Habermas in Dialogue,” Ethics 105 (October 1994): 44-63.

McConnell, Terrance, 1988. “Interpersonal Moral Conflicts,” American Philosophical Quarterly 25 : 25-35.

---------. 1981. “Moral Blackmail,” Ethics 91 : 544-567.

McDowell, John, 1998. Mind, value and reality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Moore, G.E., 1903. Principia ethica. Cambridge University Press.

Nagel, Thomas, 1995. “Moral epistemology”, in Society's Choices: Social and Ethical Decision Making in Biomedicine (1995), pp. 201-214.

---------, 1979. Mortal Questions, New York: Cambridge University Press.

---------, “Rawls and Liberalism”, in Freeman 2003, pp. 62-85.

O’Neill, Onora, 1989. Constructions of Reason: Explorations of Kant’s Practical Philosophy, Cambridge University Press.

---------, “Constructivism in Rawls and Kant”, in Freeman 2003, pp. 347-367.

Oliveira, Nythamar Fernandes de, 1999. Tractatus ethico-politicus: Genealogia do ethos moderno. Porto Alegre: Edipucrs.

---------, 2001. “Kant, Rawls, and the Moral Foundations of the Political”, in Kant und die Berliner Aufklärung: Akten des IX Internationalen Kant-Kongresses, org. Volker Gerhardt et al., Berlin: W. de Gruyter, pp. 286-295.

---------, 2002. “Les défis normatifs de la justice globale selon John Rawls,” in Jean-François Mattéi and Denis Rosenfield, eds., Barbarie et civilisation. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

---------, 2003. Rawls. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar.

---------, 2003. "Teoria Ideal e Teoria Não-Ideal: Rawls entre Platão e Kant", in Ética e Justiça, org. Ricardo di Napoli et al. Santa Maria: Editora da UFSM. p. 95-116.

Parfit, Derek, 1973. “Later Selves and Moral Principles,” in Philosophy and Personal Relations, ed. Alan Montefiore, p. 137-169. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Pettit, Philip and Michael Smith, 1996. “Freedom in Belief and Desire,” Journal of Philosophy 93 (1996): 429-449.

Pogge, Thomas W., 1989. Realizing Rawls. Ithaca: Cornell.

---------, 1999. “Human Flourishing and Universal Justice,” Social Philosophy 16:1 (1999): 33-61.

---------, 2000. “The Moral Demands of Global Justice,” Dissent 47/4 (2000): 37-43.

Prior, A.N., 1954. “The Paradoxes of Derived Obligation,” Mind 63 : 64-65.

Quine, Willard von, 1944. O Sentido da Nova Lógica. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1996. 2a. edição. (1944)

---------, 1953. From a Logical Point of View. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

---------, Two Dogmas of Empiricism

---------, "Sobre o que há"

---------, 1960.Word and Object. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

---------,1966. The Ways of Paradox and Other Essays. New York: Random House.

Railton, Peter, 1992, “Pluralism, Determinacy, and Dilemma,” Ethics 102 : 720-742.

---------, 1996. “The Diversity of Moral Dilemma,” in Mason (1996): 140-166.

---------, 2003. Facts, values, and norms: essays toward a morality of consequence. Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press.

Rawls, John, 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

---------, 1993. Political Liberalism, New York: Columbia University Press.

---------, 1999. Collected Papers. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

---------, 1980. “Kantian Constructivism in Moral Philosophy.” Journal of Philosophy 77 (1980): 515-72.

---------, 1989. “Themes in Kant’s Moral Philosophy”,in Eckart Förster, editor, Kant’s Transcendental Deductions: The Three Critiques and the Opus Postumum, Stanford University Press.

---------, 2000a. Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy, ed. Barbara Herman. Harvard University Press.

---------, 2000b. Law of the Peoples. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

---------, 2001. Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, ed. Erin Kelly. Harvard U Press.

Rohden, Valerio (ed.), 1997. Kant e a Instituição da Paz. Porto Alegre: Goethe Institut.

---------, 1981. Interesse da Razão e Liberdade. São Paulo: Ática.

---------, 1998. “O humano e racional na Ética”. Studia Kantiana 1/1 (1998): 307-321.

Rosen, Allen D., 1993. Kant's Theory of Justice. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Ross, W.D., 1930. The Right and the Good, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

---------. 1939. The Foundations of Ethics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sandel, Michael, 1982. Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. Cambridge University Press.

Sartorius, Rolf, 1975. Individual Conduct and Social Norms: A Utilitarian Account of Social Union and the Rule of Law, Encino, CA: Dickenson Publishing.

Sayre-McCord, Geoffrey, 1986. “Deontic Logic and the Priority of Moral Theory,” Nous 20 (1986): 179-197.

---------, 1994. “On Why Hume’s General Point of View’ isn’t Ideal --and shouldn’t be,” Social Philosophy and Policy 11 (1994): 202-228.

---------, 1996. “Coherentist Epistemology and Moral Theory,” in Sinnott-Armstrong and Timmons.

Schneewind, J. B., 1997. The Invention of Autonomy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Seanor, Douglas and Fotion, N., eds. 1988. Hare and Critics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Sen, Amartya and Williams, B., eds., 1982. Utilitarianism and Beyond. Cambridge University Press.

Sidgwick, Henry, 1907. The Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. New York: Macmillan.

Singer, Peter, 1974. Sidgwick and Reflective Equilibrium’, The Monist 58, 1974.

Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter and Mark Timmons, eds., 1996. Moral Knowledge? New Readings in Moral Epistemology, pp. 137-189. New York: Oxford University Press.

Slote, Michael, 1985. “Utilitarianism, Moral Dilemmas, and Moral Cost,” American Philosophical Quarterly 22 (1985): 161-168.

Smith, Holly M., 1986. “Moral Realism, Moral Conflict, and Compound Acts,” The Journal of Philosophy 83 (1986): 341-345.

Smith, Michael, 1994. The Moral Problem. Oxford: Blackwell.

--------- (ed.), 1995. Meta-Ethics. Aldershot: Dartmouth.

--------- , 1997. “In Defence of The Moral Problem : A Reply to Brink, Copp and Sayre-McCord,” Ethics October (1997): 84-119.

Sosa, Ernest, 2000. “Modal and Other A Priori Epistemology: How Can We Know What is Possible and What Impossible?” supplement to the Southern Journal of Philosophy (2000).

---------, 1998. “Skepticism and the Internal/External Divide,” in Blackwell Guide to Epistemology (Blackwell Publishers, 1998), ed. by John Greco and Ernest Sosa.

---------, 1997a. “Mythology of the Given,” History of Philosophy Quarterly (1997).

---------, 1997b. “Reflective Knowledge in the Best Circles,” Journal of Philosophy XCIV (1997): 410-30.

Statman, Daniel, 1996 “Hard Cases and Moral Dilemmas,” Law and Philosophy 15 : 117-148.

Steiner, Hillel, 1973. “Moral Conflict and Prescriptivism,” Mind 82 : 586-591.

Stocker, Michael, 1971. “Ought’ and Can’,” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 49 : 303-316.

Strasser, Mark, 1987. “Guilt, Regret, and Prima Facie Duties,” The Southern Journal of Philosophy 25 : 133-146.

Sullivan, Roger, 1989. Immanuel Kant's Moral Theory. Cambridge University Press.

Swank, Casey, 1986. “Dirty Hands and Conflicts of Values and of Desires in Aristotle’s Ethics,” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 67 : 36-61.

---------. 1987. “Moral Conflicts: What They Are and What They Show,” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 68 : 104-123.

---------. 1990. Plural and Conflicting Values, New York: Oxford University Press.

---------, 1985. “Reasons, Dilemmas, and the Logic of Ought’,” Analysis 45 (1985): 111-116.

Tannsjo, Torbjorn, 1985. “Moral Conflict and Moral Realism,” The Journal of Philosophy 82 (1985): 113-117.

Terra, Ricardo R., 1995. A Política Tensa. São Paulo: Iluminuras.

---------, 1998. “A arquitetônica da filosofia prática kantiana”. Studia Kantiana 1/1 (1998): 291-305.

Thomason, Richmond, 1981. “Deontic Logic and the Role of Freedom in Moral Deliberation,” in Risto Hilpinen (ed.), New Studies in Deontic Logic, Dordrecht: Reidel, 177-186.

Thomason, Richmond, 1981. “Deontic Logic as Founded on Tense Logic,” in Risto Hilpinen (ed.), New Studies in Deontic Logic, Dordrecht: Reidel, 165-176.

Trigg, Roger, 1971. “Moral Conflict,” Mind 80 (1971): 41-55.

Vallentyne, Peter, 1987. “Prohibition Dilemmas and Deontic Logic,” Logique et Analyse 30 (1987): 113-122.

---------,1989. “Two Types of Moral Dilemmas,” Erkenntnis 30 (1989): 301-318. ---------,1992. “Moral Dilemmas and Comparative Conceptions of Morality,” The Southern Journal of Philosophy 30 (1992): 117-124.

Van Fraassen, Bas, 1973. “Values and the Heart’s Command,” The Journal of Philosophy 70 (1973): 5-19, [Reprinted in Gowans (1987): 138-153]

Van Parijs, Philippe, “Difference Principles” , in Freeman 2003, pp. 200-241.

---------,1981. Evolutionary Explanation in the Social Sciences. An emerging paradigm, Totowa (New Jersey): Rowman & Littlefield.

---------,1990. Le Modèle économique et ses rivaux. Introduction à la pratique de l'épistémologie des sciences sociales, Genève & Paris: Droz.

---------,1991. Qu'est-ce qu'une société juste? Introduction à la pratique de la philosophie politique, Paris: Le Seuil. Português: O que é uma sociedade justa? São Paulo: Ática, 1997.

---------,1993. Marxism Recycled, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

---------,1995a. Real Freedom for All. What (if anything) can justify capitalism?, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

---------,1995b. Sauver la solidarité, Paris: Editions du Cerf.

---------,1996. Refonder la solidarité, Paris: Editions du Cerf.

---------,2000. Ethique économique et sociale, Paris: La Découverte. Port.: São Paulo, Loyola, 2003.

---------,2001. What's Wrong with a Free Lunch?, Boston: Beacon Press.

---------,2002. La Dynamique des peuples et les exigences de la justice. De la Belgique comme avenir de l'Europe, Bruxelles: Facultés universitaires Saint Louis.

Walzer, Michael, 1972. “Political Action: The Problem of Dirty Hands,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 2 (1972): 160-180.

Williams, Bernard, 1965. “Ethical Consistency,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, supp, vol. 39 : 103-124, [Reprinted in Gowans (1987): 115-137,]

---------. 1966. “Consistency and Realism,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, supp, vol. 40 : 1-22.

---------. 1972. Morality: An Introduction to Ethics, New York: Harper & Row.

Wood, Allen, 1970. Kant's Moral Religion. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

---------, 1999. Kant's Ethical Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press.

---------, ed., 1978. Kant’s Lectures on Philosophical Theology. Ithaca, Cornell U. Press.

---------, ed., 1984. Self and Nature in Kant's Philosophy. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.

Zimmerman, Michael J., 1987. “Remote Obligation,” American Philosophical Quarterly 24 (1987): 199-205.

---------, 1996. The Concept of Moral Obligation, New York: Cambridge University Press.

---------, 1988. An Essay on Moral Responsibility, Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.

---------.1990. “Where Did I Go Wrong?” Philosophical Studies 58 (1990): 83-106.

---------. 1992. “Cooperation and Doing the Best One Can,” Philosophical Studies 65 (1992): 283-304.

WEBSITES & LINKS:

JOHN RAWLS

Immanuel KANT

Research in Moral Epistemology

Stanford Encyclopedia entry on Moral Epistemology

Rawls's normative conception of the person

David HUME

Seguir Regras (Das Regelfolgen) em Wittgenstein

O que é Filosofia Analítica?

Wikipedia entry on Metaethics

Wikipedia entry on John Rawls

Wikipedia entry on Is-Ought Problem

Onora O'Neill Reith Lectures 2002
Bioethics Seminar

Keith Lehrer's Suggested Readings on the Free Will

Keith Lehrer's "Freedom and the Power of Preference"

Joshua Cohen, PLURALISM AND PROCEDURALISM

John Rawls, TWO CONCEPTS OF RULES (1955)

H. A. Prichard, Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake? (1912)

G. E. Moore, THE NATURE OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY (1922)

Paulo Abrantes & Hilan Bensusan, Conhecimento, ciência e natureza: cartas sobre o naturalismo

Hilan Bensusan, Mind and (bracketed) World: How internalist should an epoché be?

Hilan Bensusan, Alguns racionalismos e empirismos contemporâneos
Israel-Lebanon Conflict (Wikipedia)

RESEARCH IN MORAL EPISTEMOLOGY

DIREITOS HUMANOS

NORTH AMERICAN KANT SOCIETY

KANT und HEGEL

CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON (N.K.Smith translation)

SUMMARY OF KANT'S CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON

René Descartes (textes en français)

David Hume (texts in English)

Sociedade Kant Brasileira - Seção Campinas, SP

Kant's Doctrine of Right (Rechtslehre)

Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Site de Busca de Termos Filosóficos)

Cronograma de leituras (preparadas previamente):

24/8/2006 : Introdução à Epistemologia Moral: Hume, Kant, Rawls

31/8: J. Rawls, Lectures, Hume I-III; “Teoria Ideal e Não-Ideal” (xerox)
14/9: J. Rawls, Lectures, Hume IV-V; M. Smith, cap. 1 e 4
21/9: J. Rawls, Lectures, Kant I-III; M. Smith, cap. 5
5/10: J. Rawls, Lectures, Kant IV-V; D. Brink, Moral Realism, p. 1-42.
19/10: J. Rawls, Lectures, Kant VI-VIII; R. Hanna, Intro, Cap. 1; D. Brink, Moral Realism, p. 43-80.
9/11 - 30/11: Apresentações orais em sala de aula (cada colega dispõe de 30-45 min. + debate)
9/11: João Luís, Edgar, Fabricio
16/11: Sergio, Alexandre, Neuro
23/11: Vera, Rogel, Leno
30/11 = 9-12 h: Elnora, Laura, Keberson
30/11 = 16-18 h: Christian, Elsio, Jociéli

Email: nythamar@yahoo.com
options