Neandertals from
Portugal, Holland, Poland, etc.
Compiled
by F. C.
Béla Lukács in The Lapedo
Child, The Szeleta Men, And The Convergence To Leading Cultures [http://www.rmki.kfki.hu/~lukacs/lapedo.html]says:
"In
1908 Stolyhwo reported to Nature a Xth century Neanderthal from Southern
("Austrian") Poland, buried with iron armory, indicating Neanderthals
in historical times":
News: Late Survival of Neanderthal Type
Nature
(London) April 23, 1908,
Vol. 77, p. 587
"In
the February issue of the Bulletin International of the Academy of Sciences
of Cracow, Mr. K. Stolyhwo describes a human skull dating from the historic
period which presents strong indications of close affinity with the
Spy-Neanderthal type, the so-called Homo primigenius, of the Paleolithic epoch.
The skull, it appears, formed part of a skeleton from a tomb in which was also
buried a suit of chain-armour, together with iron spear-heads, &c. In the
great development of the supra-orbital ridges and of the notch at the root of
the nasals, the skull, which was found at Nowosiolka, closely approximates to
the Neanderthal type. It may be added that, in view of Prof. Solla's recent
reference to the latter to the Australian stock, the occurrence in eastern
Europe of a late survival of the same type is a matter of profound
interest."
Lukács comments on it:
"In
1908 Neanderthals meant something less definite than now. If the bones were
thick enough with curved longbones, with a strong mandible, heavy skull bones,
receding frontal and strong torus, the individual went to primitive cavemen,
more or less Neanderthals. Now, observe that Xth century AD was times of
troubles everywhere in Europe, but definitely so on the Polish plains. (Polska
comes from "pole" meaning "fields" or "plains",
indeed with no natural borders on East and West.) If somebody was very strong,
he was a great chief, warrior and leader. Such times preferred strong Neanderthaloids;
they preferred true Neanderthals even more provided they still existed"
"…Stolyhwo's Neanderthal knight either belonged a miraculously surviving
small tribe or is a misclassification" "Was Stolyhwo's Neanderthal
knight very strong, and who is he in Polish (or White Croatian) legends?"
And Lukács adds:
"South
of the Ebro Mousterian [Neanderthals] survived for a long time… the Lapedo
Child… seems half Neanderthal (he can be F1 hybrid… Is mule the analogy
of the Lapedo Child, and maybe of the Shkul (or Skhul) individuals? Then
Neanderthal/sapiens hybrids would be possible, but without any consequence.
Przewalski and asinus are good species, they form disjoint populations, so
horse genes cannot go over donkeys and vice versa. Mules are dead ends)"
"…in the first days of 1999 Cidália Duarte excavated the Lapedo Child,
alias Lagar Velho 1 [from Abrigo do Lagar Velho (it means roughly the
Shelter of the Old Wine-press), in the Lapedo Valley, Portugal] "
"…Or there are Neanderthal sites even later?" "Still, this [the
Lapedo Neanderthal Child from Portugual] is the most convincingly documented
"hybrid" skeleton, even including the Shkul (or Skhul) ones and
Stolyhwo's Neanderthaloid knight" "The body was intentionally buried,
red ochre was around and it seems that the boy was a member of a Gravettian
tribe" [Refs.: Cidália Duarte & al.: The Early Upper Paleolithic human
skeleton from the Abrigo de Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence
in Iberia. Proc. Natl. Acad. USA 96, 7604 (1999) http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/96/13/7604
, E. Trinkaus, J. Zilhao & Cidália Duarte: The Lapedo Child: Lagar Velho 1
and our Perceptions of the Neanderthals. http://www.med.abaco-mac.it/issue001/articles/doc/013.htm
; E. Trinkaus & J. Zilhao: Lagar Velho FAQ. http://www.ipa.min-cultura.pt/news/noticias/lapedo/lapedofaq
; E. Trinkaus & J. Zilhao: A Correction to the Commentary of Tattersall and
Schwartz Concerning The Interpretation of the Lagar Velho 1 Child. http://www.ipa.min-cultura.pt/news/noticias/lapedo/lapedo_corrections.
Some "late surviving Neanderthals" are discussed here]… Until the
Lapedo Child was discovered, everything was simpler."
"…Is
an open question if Neanderthals died out completely… Surviving Neanderthal
pockets cannot be easily disproven. The satyr, mentioned in Plutarch's Sulla
[Plutarchos: Sulla. In: Plutarchi Vitae parallellae, Teubnes,
Leipzig, 1892], may or may not have been a surviving Neanderthal [classical
Greeks believed in satyrs in the woods. Satyrs are generally man-like with
minor "animal" traits. Now, according to Plutarch, during a campaign
of Sulla (a Roman general), about 86 BC, a satyr was captured in a nymphaeon
near Apollonia, Illyricum, and carried to Sulla. Interpreters asked him to get
omens an such, but his speech was unintelligible between the sounds of horse
and goat, so the general sent him away. Note that Plutarch does not use the
story for anything. The captive does not tell omens; simply produces
unintelligible noises. Now one can contemplate if satyrs were surviving
Neanderthals, and then he can look for Neanderthal traces in Greece
(Harvati K, Panagopoulou E, Karkanas P. First Neanderthal remains from
Greece: the evidence from Lakonis. J Hum Evol. 2003 Dec;
45(6):465-73 (they report the discovery of a Neanderthal tooth (LKH 1)
found in association with the Initial Upper Paleolithic from Lakonis I, adding
to the small number of taxonomically diagnostic human fossils from early Upper
Paleolithic European contexts. This finding indicates that, at least in
southern Greece, the makers of early Upper Paleolithic assemblages were
Neanderthals). Skeletal remains of the Neanderthal anthropological type were
found also at Kalamakia Cave, in Mani, http://pegasos.fhw.gr/chronos/01/en/pl/housing/mpl_intro.html
Here is a related quotation from Josephus: "…these men did what resembled
the acts of those whom the Grecians call giants" (Antiquities of
the Jew. Book I, Ch. 3.1))]. Also look for Stolyhwo's medieval Neanderthal
warrior in White Croatia; even in Nature (I mean the respectable
journal). You may or may not take Alma, Yeti and other European
Wildmen observations seriously; anyway they are not published in Nature…"
"H.
G. Wells… had written in a widespread book that the Neanderthal was another
species [distinct, different from the humans]… Wells himself writes that one
scholar seemed to discover Neanderthal-like populations in Greece, another in
Western Ireland [Wells H. G.: The Outline of History, Collier, New York.
1922. The book has a long printing history, appended, improved &c. in many
times. The editio princeps seems to be at Somerset Publ. Inc., 1920]…
conquered populations retreat to the ends of continents… the wildernesses of
Thessaly or the westernmost of the Western Hibernia are hopeful locations… In
the next two decades the great majority of scholars were at the opinion that
Neanderthal was a separate species."
"In
Palestine some skeletons were between the Neanderthal and modern characters, e.g.
they were generally Neanderthal but with chin [G. H. R. von Koenigswald: Die
Geschichte des Menschen. Springer, Berlin, 1960], especially the Shkul
(or Skhul) skulls" "…it is hard to tell, exactly what are the Shkuls…
[Fourteen skeletons were found in the Skhul cave, three complete, including the
one in this photo. These skeletons had features that were intermediate between
Neanderthal and Homo sapiens sapiens--Neanderthal brow, but well marked
chin, slender long bones: See text and a picture: http://www.relst.uiuc.edu/Courses/106/New%20Pages/page2.html
, http://www.relst.uiuc.edu/Courses/106/Media%201/mughar6a.jpg]"
"For "classical" Neanderthals there is always an obtuse angle
("no chin"). However the situation is not so simple at Eastern
Neanderthals, as e.g. the Palestinian fossils or Shanidar, and also at
"latest Neanderthals"… Some Shkul mandibles show acute angles (but
they may be hybrids), one Shanidar mandible shows practically right
angle."
"…Szeleta
represents all the surviving Neanderthals ["Neanderthal man continues to
be associated with the Middle Palaeolithic (including the Micoquian at
Warendorf and Sesselfelsgrotte) as well as with the Jankovichian (otherwise
known as the "Trans-Danubian Szeletian")", declares Philip
Allsworth-Jones in The Szeletian Revisited http://www.gib.gi/museum/p305.htm
, http://www.oocities.org/astronomy_with_tru2003/szeleta2.gif
(leaf-shaped
stone points thought to have been the work of Neanderthals (Artifact drawing: the
Lillafüred Foundation, Miskolc-Lillafüred, Hungary)], not western
Castelperron. And we know the end of Castelperronian (Chatelperronian), we know
the fading of Uluzzian, but the fate of Szeletian is not clear. Ten thousands years
after the assumed extinction Epiaurignacians produced Szeletian leaf-points [M.
Shupp: The Passage of the Neanderthals. http://www.csun.edu/~ms44278/up_paleo.htm].
Shupp's opinion is that they copied them. Possibly; but we simply do not know,
from what time Szeletian tools were made by non-Szeletian population. Not
surprising; we do not know the Szeletians. Only their tools."
"Szeleta is the name of a cave in Hungary, near to the big city Miskolc
(that is the Magyar name, the Slovakian is Miskovec), just east of its
westernmost extension Lillafüred, at cca. 300 m level, near to the Szinva
Creek, in the Bükk Mountains [detailed map: File F.: Kadic Ottokár bükki
barlangkutatásai. www.ngo.hu/~mibe/evkonyv/kadic.htm].
The first tools were found in the city, in 1892. Then archeologists looked for
the source and in 1906 they found a deposit of tools in the Szeleta Cave."
"… 3 Neanderthal cultures (Hungarian Mousterian Neanderthal): Tata,
Érd-Nagytétény and Subalyuk (or generally the Bükk). .. Tata
is west of Budapest, not too far, Érd and Nagytétény are
neighbours of each other, Érd a city and Nagytétény a
southwestern district of Budapest, and Bükk is a mountain (up to 950 m)
in northeastern direction above the river Tisza (Tisia, Theiss,
&c.)" " Szeleta layers continue Moustérian traditions (of, say, Subalyuk).
So either the Neanderthals survived long in Hungary, or the first Hungarian Homo
sapiens learnt the industry from Neanderthals [Slovakians have Szeletian
sites too and I found more about Szeletian on Internet in Slovakian than in
Magyar + English… Also, in the last years people begin to call every Upper
Paleolithic (UP) on the East Szeletian]" "…it is sure that in the
Remete Upper Cave [in the northwestern corner of Budapest], Neanderthal lived,
because 3 characteristic incisors were found. Now, on a shelf of the cave wall
were 2 big cave bear canines plus a big Miocene sea-shell from the Tétény
Plateau (cca. 20 km). Collecting spectacular sea-shell is no less symbolic than
mining colorant [there was an ochre mine at Lovas (at the north coast of Lake
Balaton, see: V. Domosi & I. Vörös: Data to an Evaluation of the Finds
Assemblage of the Palaeolithic Paint Mine at Lovas. Folia Archaeologica 30,
7, 1979)]" "…Lower Szeletian must be purely Neanderthal" "…
Jerzmanowician, Jerzmanowice or Jerzmanovka is a cave near to Kraków
(Krakov/Krakkó/Krakau/Cracovia), Poland. No Hungarian and Pole (and definitely:
no Southern Pole) would be surprised that Hungarian and Polish Neanderthals
marched together. And indeed, it seems that Jerzmanowician is somewhat the
northern analogue of Szeletian [J. K. Kozlowski & S. K. Kozlowski: Le
Paléolithique en Pologne. Préhistoire d'Europe, 1996]… Neanderthals show
regional differences in industry in Europe… In Hispania, beyond the Ebro
Frontier where Neanderthals had no competitors and so could continue their
sleepy Middle Palaeolithic existence for a time. In Croatia… the youngest
full-blooded Neanderthal (up to now) is dug out [F. H. Smith & al.: Direct
radiocarbon dates for Vindija G_1 and Velika Pecina Late Pleistocene human
remnants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 12281, 1999. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/96/22/12281]."
"American
anthropologist Madison Grant, wrote [in Chap. 2 M. Grant: The Passing of the
Great Race. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1916]: "Along with other
ancient and primitive racial remnants, ferocious gorilla like living specimens
of the Neanderthal man are found not infrequently on the west coast of Ireland,
and are easily recognized by the great upper lip, bridgeless nose [Lukács
declares: "Madison Grant's Western Irish Neanderthals can be ruled out. We
have seen that one of his Neanderthal characteristics was bridgeless nose. Now,
Neanderthals are characterized just by big and well developed nose. And (apart
from Stolihwo's knight) where are fresh Neanderthal bones?"], beetling
brow and low growing hair, and wild and savage aspect... The...large upper lip,
the low forehead, and the superorbital ridges are clearly Neanderthal
characters. The other traits...are common to many primitive races. This is the
Irishman of caricature...".
"…where
should he look for surviving Neanderthals? The first, and professional, answer
is: nowhere. And this answer is safe too. But if somebody read so much
and he wants to get a very tentative answer, I give it, without any guarantee…
cryptozoologists suspect the Caucasus and Mongolia… one can think about the
Alps or the Caucasus…
New ape-like animals alive are
still to be discovered, i.e., in Congo (the "lion killer", the
big chimpanzee "of the land"): http://www.economist.com/science/displayStory.cfm?story_id=1389904
and in China, the numerous teeth remains of the paleoprimate "Gigantopithecus":
http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Ebioanth/giganto.html
, http://www.uiowa.edu/~nathist/Site/images/fullsizeandmunns72.jpg
, http://www.uiowa.edu/~nathist/Site/giganto.html
, http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Ebioanth/comp.jpg
. Pictures from the first article: "A cave near the top of the rounded
limestone tower at Liucheng, China has yielded three Gigantopithecus
jawbones and nearly a thousand teeth" http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Ebioanth/mound.jpg
. "The largest of the jaws, along with some of the teeth, are compared at
with modern human remains." http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Ebioanth/jaw.jpg
. Thus concludes Dr. Ciochon: "Gigantopithecus is gone. Or is it?
Following the publicity about our research in Vietnam, I have received several
letters from veterans who say that they came face to face with huge, hairy apes
in the Southeast Asian jungle when they were posted in Vietnam. And of all the
theories advanced to provide a zoological identity for Bigfoot, the Abominable
Snowman, and other elusive creatures, perhaps the most popular is that they are
none other than Gigantopithecus, still alive in relict populations
(relict populations of Neanderthal man run a close second). While these
contemporary reports are probably false, we can contemplate the time when our
remote ancestors did encounter the giant of all apes in the tropical
rainforests of Southeast Asia" (The original webpage, as you can see is the
University of Iowa). This is stated "This giant ape was
contemporaneous with archaic humans throughout its range… The true affinities
of Gigantopithecus are still unknown and they will remain a mystery until
diagnostic cranial remains are eventually found. Southern China is dotted with
karstic fissures, some of which have yielded complete fossil skeletons of
extinct Pleistocene mammals. There is a chance therefore that someday more
complete remains of "Giganto" will be forthcoming. To learn more
about Gigantopithecus read "Other Origins" by R. Ciochon et al,
Bantam Books, 1990." http://www.chineseprehistory.org/pics1.htm
(end of that page).
In the article of Lukács and in
several other sites on the Internet, there is this mention of Professor
Stolyhwo (who commended his student H. Hoyer to present their findings in a
conference inspired by Mr. Bydlowski's previous works related to the
"Neanderthal knight from Poland"). It is interesting to see in
Stolyhwo's original document the emphasis (as it is) as undisputed fact, the
world-wide flood (the deluge, deluvian, diluvial waters pouring down from
heavens and covering the whole earth), even in the works of Schwalbe himself
(who also believed in Neanderthals as a different species when compared to
humans, and who baptized the Neanderthals as Homo primigenius).
Doug Sharp in his book The
Revolution Against Evolution [http://www.rae.org/revev3.html
, http://www.rae.org/armor.html]
made note of a Neanderthal specimen found buried in a tomb along with chain
mail armor, Sharp first heard of it in a video by Dr. Michael Girouard Ape
Men: Monkey Business Falsely Called Science produced in 1990 by the
Institute for Creation Research. Ian Taylor also makes reference to it in
his book In the Minds of Men, third edition. Ian Juby posted it in part
on his website: http://www.ianjuby.org/neanderthal
and Laurence Tisdall translated the original from French to English http://www.ianjuby.org/neanderthal/neanderthalpages.htm
, here are some excerpts:
Cover
of the original magazine: http://www.ianjuby.org/neanderthal/page2.gif
The Nowosiolka skull considered as a
proof of the existence in recent history of forms belonging to H.
primigenius
[11.
Czaszka z Nowosiólki, jako dowód istnienia w epoce historycznej form pokrewnych
z H. primigenius.- Le cráne de Nowosiólka considéré comme preuve de
l'existence á l'époque historique de formes apparentées á H. primigenius].
Memoir of M. Kazimierz Stolyhwo
presented by M. H. Hoyer on the 7th of January 1908 [Mémoire de M. KAZIMIERZ
STOLYHWO présenté par M. H. Hoyer m. e. dans la séance du
7 Janvier 1908] (Bulletin International De L'Académie Des Sciences De
Cracovie [Anzeiger Der Akademie Der Wissenschaften In Krakau], 1908,
p. 103)
Anthropology
Laboratory and Museum of Industry and Agriculture of Varsovie.
"During the last several
years I published several works concerning the existence, in Poland, of a
Spy-Neanderthaloid type." "According to Mr. Schwalbe, the
Spy-Neanderthal race existed only in the ancient deluvian period, after
which it went extinct, as well as the transitional forms between H.
primigenius [Neanderthal] and H. sapiens did not go beyond the
Paleolithic. To the contrary, I was of the opinion that the Spy-Neanderthaloid
types, having a softer Neanderthal-type structure, existed not only in the
ancient deluvian, but also in the later prehistoric periods and can be
observed even in the historic period… beyond the ancient deluvian…"
"Mr. Schwalbe found that this way of looking at things was wrong and
submitted a critique to the German Anthropological Congress of 1905, also in a
memoir that appeared in the Zeitschrift f. Morphologie u. Anthropologie J.
1906. I've also been honored to write several letters on the subject. To
solve the problems in question, I have submitted the materials previously
studied to a new examination" "… the "scythic" cranium of
Nowosiolka; it's my opinion that it is the one amongst all the skulls to be
found at the Anthropological laboratory of Varsovie that contains the
characteristics the most representative of the Spy-Neanderthal race."
Original initial description (in
French):
http://www.ianjuby.org/neanderthal/page4.gif
http://www.ianjuby.org/neanderthal/page5.gif
"We have found
archaeological facts concerning the skull in question in a memoir of Mr.
Bydlowski "the Kourghans of Nowosiolka of the district of Lipowiec,
Government of Kiev" (Swiatowit t. V. 1904); the kourghan from
where the skull came is designated as number V. The skull of Nowosiolka must
have belonged to a man that was thirty years old; concerning the period from
which he came, we can determine this from the objects that were found with him
in the tomb. Beside the skeleton, which was lying on his back, the head towards
the west, was found a suit of armour complete with iron plates held together by
rivets. On the other side were found two long spear points of which one had a
flat side, the other was forged in a quadrangular bar. At the feet of the
skeleton was a yellow clay goblet with a handle of ornate work, bordered on the
inside with a black band; two parallel bands went around the inside of the goblet
at the top. Beside the goblet was found a beautiful red clay amphora (antique
vase) of conical shape, the bottom shaped obliquely. At the feet and the head
of the dead were found two horse skeletons with the harness bridles and four
bits the same as those that are used today. Concerning the harness we found
only bits of leather and green and oxidized metal ornaments."
"The present memoire is
solely dedicated to the study of the position that the Nowosiolka skull when
compared to the H. primigenius group, which includes the skulls of
Neanderthal, of Spy and of Krapina, and also taking into consideration other diluvian
skulls. I will not concern myself with the question of the relationship
between H. primigenius and H. sapiens, nor of the problem of
where the limit is to be marked between these two groups."
"Not forgetting that the
Nowosiolka skull does not belong to the ancient diluvian, nor the
Paleolithic, but to recent history."
Here, to make it easier I have
regrouped significant paragraphs together:
"…out of 47
characteristics studied, the Nowosiolka skull possesses 23 which are
identical to that of H. primigenius [Neanderthal, Neandertal], 11
that are close to that of H. primigenius and only 13 that
differ from H. primigenius. These results prove that the Nowosiolka
skull possesses in some aspects a structure as primitive as the H.
primigenius type and permits us to establish a morphological link between
this skull and those of Spy-Neanderthal-Krapina."
34 Neanderthal
characteristics of the Nowosiolka knight:
The full pages that contain the
figures are:
http://www.ianjuby.org/neanderthal/page26.jpg
(front seen by the bottom)
http://www.ianjuby.org/neanderthal/page25.jpg
(frontal and lateral)
http://perso.wanadoo.fr/daruc/images/cran.gif
(frontal, another view)
http://www.ianjuby.org/neanderthal/page23.gif
(lateral upper diagram)
http://www.ianjuby.org/neanderthal/page24.jpg
(upper back)
1) "… the thickness of the eyebrows
of the Nowosiolka skull is very close to that of the Krapina skulls. It is true
that the lateral part of the eyebrows are a little less thick than their
equivalents in the Krapina skulls (with the exception of one of the fragments)
but, in return, the median parts are thicker. In short, the eyebrows of the
Nowosiolka skull, thanks to their non-interrupted continuity to the
frontal-cheek suture, also in considering their thickness can be designated as tori
supraorbitales and not as arcus supraciliaris, as is also
recognized by M. Schwalbe based upon a photograph that I had the honour of
sending him. Concerning the eyebrows, the Nowosiolka skull is quite
different from the H. sapiens type and can be joined to the
Spy-Neanderthal-Krapina group"
2) "…On the Nowosiolka skull the
structure [the level of the zygomatic eyebrow] is exactly the same as that
described on the Krapina C skull. Therefore, in terms of the zygomatic
eyebrow on the Nowosiolka skull it is not different that that found in H.
primigenius."
"3) The index of
the convexity of the cerebral part…, 4)the index of the position
of the bregma…, 5) the Convex index of the frontal arch A:
[diameter: nasal-bregma x 100 / curve: nasal-bregma] the diameter of the
nasal-bregma…, 6) the nasal-bregma curve…, 7) the
index A of the convexity of the frontal arch…, 8) the fronto-parietal
index [minima width of front x 100 / maxima width of front]…, 9) the
index of the convexity of the parietals [diameter of the sagittal
suture x 100 / curve of the sagittal suture]…, 10) the index of the
parietals [sagittal curve of the parietals x 100 / sagittal curve of the
front]…, 11) the height of the inferior jaw index [height of the
jaw at the 2-me molar x 100 / height of the jaw at the symphysis]…, 12)
the height of the jaw at the symphysis (…numerous diluvian skulls
also have some height at the symphysis that goes beyond the upper molar. M.
Gorjanowie-Kramberger considers that when a similar structure is seen in recent
H. sapiens, it is an atavic variation. This exists also on the
Nowosiolka skull)…, 13) the index of the height of the inferior jaw…,
14) the thickness of the main part of the symphysis of the lower jaw
of the Nowosiolka skull is within the range of H. primigenius."
15) "…with the Nowosiolka skull, the
configuration of the zygomatico-maxilla suture is similar to that of the
Krapina skull; the canine dimples are also missing. Therefore, it
can be said that the configuration of the zygomatico-maxilla of the Nowosiolka
skull does not differ from the same structure of H. primigenius."
"…16) the interorbital
diameter…, 17) the biorbital diameter…, 18) the interorbital
index…, 19) the external biorbital diameter…, 20) the frontal
minima width…, 21) the frontal biorbital index of the
Nowosiolka skull does not go beyond the dimensions of H. primigenius."
22) "Index B of the convexity of
the frontal arch: [diameter: glabella-bregma x 100 / curve:
glabella-bregma] (…is more important than the Index A, mentioned above, by
which the size depends, to a certain degree, to the position more or less
depressed of the nasal cavity)… of the Nowosiolka skull does not go beyond
the range of H. primigenius."
23) "It is also to be noticed that the
Nowosiolka skull contains a persistent frontal suture for most of it's
length, and that the light bulges that accompany each side
contribute to produce the effect of convexity fo the frontal arch
when seen on the photograph of the skull in question in it's norma
lateralis."
"24) The bregmatic
angle…, 25) the angle: lambda - glabella - inion (l. g. i.)…,
26) the diameter of the frontal glabello - cerebral index
[diameter: frontal glabello x 100 / diameter frontal cerebral]…, 27) the
index of the position of the bregma [diameter g. w. x 100 / diameter glabella-inion]
the glabella-inion diameter…, 28) the cephalic index
[maxima width of the skull x 100 / maxima length of the skull]…, 29) the
maxima width (euryon - euryon)…, 30) the cephalic index…, 31)
the index of the height of the cranial arch in relationship with the
glabella-lambda diameter [diameter k. p. (height of the cranial arch) x 100
/ glabella-lambda diameter]…, 32) the occipital convexity index
[diameter: lambda-opisthion x 100 / curve: lambda-inion-opisthion]…, 33)
the akanthion-prosthion diameter of the Nowosiolka skull are close to that
of H. primigenius."
34) "Teeth size… the Nowosiolka
skull has some teeth of considerable size of which some correspond to the
Krapina skull. We notice that in the case of the Nowosiolka skull a reduction
in teeth size and a reduction in the whole dental system since the wisdom teeth
have not yet appeared. Concerning the teeth size, the Nowosiolka skull
approaches that of H. primigenius."
13 Non Neanderthal characteristics of the
Nowosiolka knight:
After mentioning its 34
Neanderthal characteristics. Let's see the 13 differences next.
1) "The anterior mandible angle is
not within the range of H. primigenius."
"2) The
angle of frontal convexity (angle A) (n. r. b)…, 3) the
angle B (g. e. b.) more important than the last one by which the opening is
dependant to a certain degree of the position more of less depressed of the
nasal opening…, 4) the diameter of the frontal cerebral…, 5)
the angle of the protrusion of the part of the frontal cerebral (a. t.
h.)… (the small size of this angle of the Nowosiolka skull must certainly have
as a cause the median convexity of the frontal produced by the persistence of
the frontal suture)…, 6) the index of the convexity (curve)
of the cerebral part of the frontal [diameter of the cerebral part x 100
/curve of the cerebral part]…, 7) the height of the cranial
arch in relationship to the glabella-inion diameter (Kalottenhöbe)…, 8)
the height of the cranial arch in relationship with the glabella-lambda
diameter (Lambda-Kalottenhöbe)…, 9) the lambda angle
(l. g. i.)…, 10) the angle of the opisthion (o. i. g.) of
the Nowosiolka skull differs from those of H. primigenius."
11) "The index of the height of the
cranial arch in relationship to the glabella-inion (Kalottenhöbe index)
[diameter c. h. (cranial arch height) x 100 / diameter: glabella-inion] of
the Nowosiolka skull is outside the range of H. primigenius."
Transitional:
12) "The frontal angle of the
Nowosiolka skull differs from that of H. primigenius. However, it
is to be noted that closeness of this measurement with the Brüx skull which is
considered by M. Schwalbe, in terms of the frontal angle measurements as being
transitional between H. primigenius and H. sapiens [M.
Schwalbe admits the existence of transitional forms between H. primigenius
and H. sapiens but according to him, these forms do not possess the
characteristic traits of H. primigenius and they probably belong to the
middle diluvian because they rarely go beyond the Paleolithic]"
13) "The glabello-cerebral index of
the Nowosoilka skull is beyond the range of H. primigenius. M.
Schwalbe came to the conclusion that this index is very important and that it
permits us to mark a limit between the H. primigenius and H.
sapiens groups which are to date not linked by the existence of any
intermediate form. However… the skulls of Brünn, of Egisheim and even that of Pithecanthropus
consist of similar transitional forms… the existence of intermediate forms and
the reality that Pithecanthropus is of such form concerning the
glabello-cerebral index, considerably diminishes the value that M. Schwalbe
attributes to the index in question."
One Table with basic
comparisons:
http://www.ianjuby.org/neanderthal/page21.gif
Concluding:
"The analysis of the
Nowosiolka skull has shown that it contains numerous characteristics
which are only associated with H. primigenius. Several very
important, such as the tori supraorbitalis, the low level of the
zygomatic eyebrow, the considerable thickness of the mandible. Also, the
Nowosiolka skull according to the bregmatic angle considerably
approaches that of the Brüx skull, which according to M. Schwalbe,
constitutes a transitional form [my comment: can we consider the
"transitional forms" as sterile hybrids?] between H.
primigenius and H. sapiens."
"In conclusion, the
facts cited earlier demonstrate:
1. That morphological forms belonging
to H. primigenius existed not only in the Paleolithic, but also in
later eras as well as recent history,
2. That transitional forms
between H. primigenius and H. sapiens contain distinctive
traits that differ from H. primigenius. It is possible that the
opinion of M. Schwalbe, that H. primigenius existed only during the
ancient diluvian is true only for regions in southern Europe where the
Spy-Neanderthal-Krapina type did not live beyond the Paleolithic; but this can
not be applied to all of Europe. We must assume that this race was
progressively pushed towards the north, where by this fact, it could survive
much more longer than in the south of Europe."
END
OF ARTICLE
This article also has been
referenced as: Stolyhwo K. (1908): Le crâne de Nowosiolka considéré com preuve
de l'existence à l'époque historique de formes apparentées à H. primigenius.
Bulletin International de l'Académie des Sciences de Cracovie,
(1908)103-26.
///////
Russians were among the first
ones to try to understand Neandertal-like skulls and bones in historical times.
See for example:
http://lib.ru/HISTORY/PORSHNEW/paleopsy.txt#nazad29
(In Russian. First attempt to translate: http://babelfish.altavista.com):
More or less, there is that,
from the book "Boris Fedorovich Porshnev. On the beginning of human
history (problems in paleo-psychology) Moscow 1974. Ed thought (Мысль
in Russian), 487 p.
"In 1873 the French
anthropologists Katrfazha and Ami
(Катрфажа и
Ами) on analyzing remains from Edisgeyma
(Эдисгейма), from Gurdana
(Гурдана) and others, just as a jaw
from the Arsi-shr- hens
(Арси-сюр-Кур , and
later from the la of nolett Ла
Нолетт) pulled the line of Neandertals from
the younger time, to our days, to include with them bone remainders with even
weaker expressed neandertaloid special features, saying that Neanderthals are
rarely found here and there or detected underground, not only in ancient time,
but also up to our days. In a number of their examples they clearly were
mistaken. However, who knows, perhaps anthropology in the course of time will
again thoroughly reexamine their series and will reveal in them, not only their
few errors. According to their idea, the Neanderthal features can be strongly
smoothed, effaced, but still be located on that side of the boundary, which
separates contemporary physical type people from that substantially different
group. Besides Katrfazha and Ami, there were numerous others that proposed to
the attention of the world of anthropological science, international congresses
included, the skulls of late or even completely contemporary origin, which had
some neandertaloid (and pithekoid) features. Among them, at least one
must recognize Polish anthropologist K. Stolyhwo. In 1902 and 1904 he published
reports about the finding in the scythian barrow near the village of Nowosiolka
(Novoselka, Novoselok) of the Kiev, province of the skeleton, which belongs, on
a number of features, as indicative of the Neanderthal type. The renowned
German anthropologist Mr. Schwalbe appeared with the criticism in 1906,
proving, that the skull from Nowosiolka was not identical to the skulls
of West European classical Neanderthals, which died out in the prehistoric
time. Then Stolyhwo in two articles of 1908 gathered data form many
other anthropologists, which proved, that in the historical time on the Earth
remained the form, which it is possible to name "Postneandertaloide"
which in a morphological sense differed both from the geological European
classic Neanderthal, and from Homo sapiens. Mr. Schwalbe did not
continue the straight controversy. In the same 1908 published his main work,
where by Neanderthal men he acknowledged only the classical prehistorical Neanderthal.
However, Stolyhwo
(Столыгво , Stolygvo), during
the subsequent years again returned to his concept, developing and deepening
it. This is how he formulated his conclusion of his article published in 1937:
"besides preneandertaloid and classical representatives of the Neanderthal
race, there are remaining descending neandertaloid forms, known up to now,
relate to the periods by later than Mousterian
(мустьерский,
must'erskiy), to upper Pleistocene, and also to the later prehistory,
proto-history, and even in contemporary times. To the facts assembled by
Stolyhwo, at present it is possible to add indications of many other bone
remains of neandertaloid type obtained in the layers of Upper Pleistocene and
Holocene (contemporary geological epoch), including the historical time.
However, there are also neandertaloid findings of bones of very young
geological age on the spaces from Tibet to West Europe, in particular in Africa
[beginning from the neandertaloid skulls from Florisbada (Флорисбада)
and Kep-Fletsa
(Кэп-Флетса)]."
Boris Fedorovich Porshnev
(1905-1972) had a most striking and unorthodox thesis, which is that what at
present are termed H. neanderthalensis, or even H. sapiens
neanderthalensis, were actually animals, not men… that they were the highest
animals possible... today's relic hominoids [alive] are yesterday's
Neanderthals... in the past all or some Neanderthalers made stone tools and
used fire, while today none, or few, of their relic descendants do so...
Neanderthalers have morphological features indicative of a so-called
retrogressive evolution... Porshnev pointed out (Current Anthropology
15:450), that at least some of the Neanderthaloid skeletons found in more
recent strata and looked upon as "pseudo-Neanderthal" may be real
Neanderthalers, among them the Neanderthaloid Podkumok (Caucasus)
skullcap, which is of as recent origin as the Bronze Age, and the
remains dealt with by Stolyhwo (1937)... Europe has been a habitat of hominoids
in historic times and... these hominoids have been none other than relics of
the Neanderthalers!"
Stolyhwo's Reference Quoted by
B. F. Porshnev is:
K. Stolyhwo: Les
prénéanderthaloïdes et les postnéanderthaloïdes et leur rapports avec la race
de Néanderthal. Bull. Ethnol. du Musée d'Ethnographie de Ljubljana. 10,
147-158 (1937) [the title also quoted as: "Les praenéandertahloides et les
postnéanderthaloides et leur rapport avec la race du Néanderthal". And as
"Les praeneanderthaloides et les postneanderthaloides et leur rapport avec
la race du Neanderthal" (Porshnev refers to Stolyhwo's conclusion on page
158).]
We can see that this is a
different reference that the one that we are featuring here from 1908, this
being done in 1937, 29 years later.
In other Website Stolyhwo's
"Neandertal Knight" is reported as:
http://perso.wanadoo.fr/daruc/paleorec.htm (http://perso.wanadoo.fr/daruc/ypaleore.htm)
"Dès
1908, l'anthropologue polonais Kasimierz Stolyhwo a annoncé la découverte d'un
certains nombre d'ossements "néandertaliens" datant de l'extrême fin
de la préhistoire, voire du moyen âge (à Poszuswie, en Pologne, qu'il osait
attribuer au dixième siècle de notre ère, et Novossiolka, près de Kiev, où le
squelette reposait avec des débris d'armure en fer). Personne ne semble pressé
d'en reprendre l'étude. Et d'autres ont été trouvé depuis entre autres à
Klapeida en Lituanie, en Carélie, près de Moscou, à Podkoumok (dans le Caucase)
en 1918. Ces derniers, réduits à une calotte crânienne, ont d'ailleurs bel et
bien été considérés, sans réserve, par les meilleurs spécialistes de l'époque,
comme néandertaliens. Car on les croyait datés d'une période convenable pour
les néanderthaliens, à la suite d'une erreur d'un géologue. Et puis un jour, en
1937, on s'est aperçu qu'ils dataient en fait de l'âge du bronze. Plus de
détail chez Boris Porchnev et Bernard Heuvelmans, "L'Homme de Néanderthal
est toujours vivant", Plon, 1974." Jean
Roche (Des fossiles qui n'ont rien compris).
Approximated translation using http://babelfish.altavista.com:
"Since
1908, Polish anthropologist Kasimierz Stolyhwo claimed the discovery of
surprisingly recent neanderthal-type bones in [TWO] studies (Poszuswie
[?], Poland, 10th century of our era, and Novosiolka [Novossiolka], near Kiev,
where the skeleton has been found with an iron armor). Nobody seemed in a hurry
to pursue simiar studies, however such "anomalies" have been found since
then at Klapeida in Lithuania, in Carelia (Karelia), near Moskow, at Podkumok
(Podkoumok, in the Caucasus) in 1918 (being this finding limited to the top of
the skull and has been indeed considered, without reserve by the best of the
specialists of the time as being similar to Nenderthal) etc. Because they were
believed to be wrongfully dated. But again, in 1937, Stolyhwo confirmed them to
be dated in fact from the bronze age. More details in: Boris Porshnev and
Bernard Heuvelmans, "L'Homme de Neanderthal est toujours vivant", Plon,
Paris, 1974." Jean Roche (On the fossils that
nobody understood).
In the same website we can see
interesting old findings in North-America:
Discovery of an early type of man in
Nebraska
Barbour,
E.H., and Ward, H.B.; Science, 24:628, 1906
In a circular mound
recently opened on a Loess hill north of Florence, near Omaha, Nebraska,
various skeletal parts, and eight human skulls of a
primitive type were exposed. The credit of the discovery belongs to Mr. Robert F.
Gilder, of Omaha, who described and figured the skulls in the World Herald,
October 21.
The skulls of the lower layer
are low-browed and inferior,
the superciliary ridges being thick and protruding, the distance
through the temples narrow, and the frontal eminences being as
feebly developed as in Neanderthal man. The skulls are brachycephalic,
and extremely narrow in transverse diameter through the temples, expanding
rapidly at the parietals.
In shape and size the mandible agrees
well with that of modern man, although the following marked differences are to
be noted ; the bone, particularly in the region of the symphysis,
is far heavier, the muscular scars more prominent, and the
third molar in each case is ground to the very gum, while the second and
third are ground in a diminishing ratio. The canines are weak and
scarcely distinguishable from the incisors, and the space between the
molars and the base of the coronoid is wide.
The femora, which is massive,
manifests an interior curvature more prononced than ordinary, and in
cross section they appear triangular through the great development of the
linea aspera, all muscular scars and tuberosities are noticeably
prominent.
This finding is not the faked
one based on a teeth of an extinct peccary, the so-called
"Nebraska-man":
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/wolfmellett.html
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Ancient skull discovered near Santa
Barbara
Anonymous,
Nature, 112:699, 1923
According to a telegram from New
York which appeared in the Times of October 31, an expedition of the Smithsonian
Institution, of which Dr. J. P. Harrington is the head, has discovered, at
Santa Barbara, in California, two human skulls for which a very high antiquity
is claimed. They are said to belong to an era far earlier than that of
Neanderthal man. The evidence upon which this claim is based would appear
to be a low forehead and very pronounced eyebrow ridges. The mouth
cavity is extremely large and the walls of the skull very thick. They are
said to be twice the thickness of ancient Indian's skulls. Until more
detailed evidence is available, judgment must be suspended as to the likelihood
of this claim to a high antiquity being substantiated ; but it may be pointed
out that skulls exhibiting Neandertaloid characteristics, especially in the
pronounced eyebrow ridge, have been found in more than one occasion in the
United States. Although a great age has been attributed to them, upon further
examination they have been pronounced to be merely a relatively modern variety
of the Indian type. It is significant that the new Santa Barbara skulls
were associated with a material culture, implements, fish-hooks, etc. which is
said to show a great advance upon any culture that can be associated with Neanderthal
man.
Comment of the Author of that
Website: once again the writer never imagines that the owner of bones could
be different from the owner of tools.
Other site says, related to
those bones that:
Two Neanderthal-like skulls
were found in Santa Barbara, California in 1923. Researchers recognized that they
were just Indian skulls.
http://www.evolution-facts.org/2evlch18a.htm
Other sites related to Santa
Barbara’s ancient men:
http://www.sbnature.org/research/anthro/chumash/intro.htm
http://www.peak.org/csfa/mt14-3.html
And, near the location of the
last links, recently appeared that "Mammoth remains unearthed at
California construction site":
http://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/04/08/calfornia.mammoth.ap
Maybe human bones are also to be
found in those areas... But, how are going to be 'officially' re-interpreted
many upcoming ancient human remains in America?
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Fragment showing ‘Ancient skulls
discovered in Minnesota and in Brazil’.
By
Ross Hamilton and Patricia Mason (2001), quoting Prof. Vine Deloria.
"Concealing evidence that
conflicts with accepted theory is common scientific skullduggery. For years the
Smithsonian Institution has been accused of hiding in storage vaults things it
doesn't like. In 1968 two Neanderthal-like skulls with low foreheads and
large brows were found in Minnesota. As for dating, University of Minnesota
scientists said they were reluctant to destroy any of the material, although
carbon-14 testing only requires the burning of one gram of bone. They were
sent to the Smithsonian. Later Dr. Lawrence Angel, curator of physical
anthropology at the institution, said he had no record of the skulls there,
although he was sure they were not lost. We have a right to wonder whether
some professional scientists mightn't find a really early date for the bones
distressing. Why distressing? Because no true Neanderthal remains have ever
been recognized by any Federal authorities as originating on the North American
continent, what to say of the Americas in general. Is there yet today a
conflict between established theory and what has been physically discovered?"
http://www.xpeditionsmagazine.com/magazine/articles/giants/holocaust.html
This ones, if real, seem to be
different from the next one [taken from: Ivan T. Sanderson. The Search for
Bigfoot: Monster, Man, or Myth? by Peter Byrne (New York: Pocket Books, 1976)]:
http://www.rfthomas.clara.net/papers/sand.html
See also the biographies of Mark
A. Hall and Bernanrd Heuvelmans:
http://www.oocities.org/saqatchr/page14.html
And the criticists:
http://www.unmuseum.org/iceman.htm
And the replies against such
criticisms ("The Minnesota Iceman", by Dr. Wolf Henner Fahrenbach,
Ph.D., who also translated it from German to English, Beaverton Oregon -
January 2004):
http://www.forteanzoology.com/faq/detail.asp?iFaq=545&iType=87
And "Crypto -
Electronic Text Version. Hominology Special Number 1. April 7, 2001", for
the 13th Annual Bigfoot Conference [there it mentions the same Dr. Fahrenbach
as member of a panel and a reference to other of his statistical works] (130
pages, 2.1 M in PDF):
http://www.herper.com/crypto/Cryptohominids.pdf
Other site says, related to Neanderthal-like
bones in America:
Toca da Esperanca, Brazil
excavation suggests pre-Neanderthal man existed in the Americas... Others
suggest man predates these findings... Most do not embrace these findings.
http://www.science-frontiers.com/sf054/sf054a01.htm
http://www.telusplanet.net/public/dgarneau/indian2.htm
To see pictures from other skull
(calotte) from "Lagoa Santa", Minas Gerais, Brazil (Figure 4:
Supraorbital ridge is estimated to be 20, 19 and 16 MM thick. Figure 5: Note
thick eyeridges, smooth skull cap. P. 128, in PDF):
http://www.herper.com/crypto/Homin2.pdf
[221 pp. 6.4M]
Notes taken from what Ray Crowe
wrote there in 2002:
Early Man in Oregon, the finding
of two separate beetle-brows from the ancient Warner Valley with lithic
artifacts (an original picture included).
Dr. Alan L. Bryan, from the
University of Alberta who documented several findings in America, stated that
those "beetle-browed" skulls were Neanderthal-like or like those of
the Rhodesian Man, or even more closely related to a North Chinese skull:
Jinniushan [Bryan AL. A fossilized calotte with prominent brow ridges from
lagoa Santa, Brazil. Curr. Anthropol. Jun 1984. Bryan AL. The First Americans.
National Geographic. Sept. 1979.]
Also George F. Carter in
"Earlier Than You Think. A Personal View of Man in America" (1980),
describes other New World skulls: "The descriptions of the skulls that
appear to be from early situations and startlingly similar, they are all
described as beetling-browed long headed, slab-sided, pentagonal or roof-shaped
skulls. The University of Nebraska excavated a skull fragment in Cedar County,
Nebraska, that was unusual enough that they took special care with it and asked
Hrdlicka to look it over, since it was a 'low type' skull, meaning a relatively
primitive skull. In Hrdlicka's word, it is 'intermediate between that of a
modern male and the neandertalers'
Crowe remarks "Hrdlicka, in
the 1930's at the Smithsonian Institute, was a tough-minded disbeliever in the
repeated and flimsy claims for early humans in the Americas."
To see the rest of the editions
of Crypto (in PDF):
A recent paper concludes that the
final version provided by Protsch, may
also be a fraud:
Investigation of a fossilized
calotte from Lagoa Santa, Brazil, by EDXRF. Anjos MJ et al. X-Ray
Spectrometry. 21 Feb 2005. "The small differences in the relative
amount of each element, especially the Ca/Sr ratio, in different parts of the
calotte reinforce the hypothesis that the calotte had been mounted with pieces
from different origins"
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/109930158/ABSTRACT
“Anthropologist Resigns In
Dating Disaster”: http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=42940
http://www.arn.org/ubb/ultimatebb.php/ubb/get_topic/f/13/t/001970/p/1.html
////////////////////////////////////
“Ancient
Men in America?”
From: http://www.krishna.com/printarticles/Rocks.html
“In the New World, not only is
there evidence indicating the presence of fully modern man at dates
unacceptable by the standard archaeological views, but there is also evidence
of primitive man of the homo erectus category. For example, Canadian
anthropologist Alan Lyle Bryan, editor of the book Early Man in America, discovered
in Lagoa Santa, Brazil, a skullcap with a low, receding forehead, thick walls,
and exceptionally massive browridges. These features make it practically
indistinguishable from skulls of the homo erectus type. Shown photographs of
the Lagoa Santa skull, several American physical anthropologists found it
impossible to believe it could have come from America. Nonetheless, Bryan
supported his claim by citing other published works containing descriptions of
similar fossil finds in the same area of Brazil. Challenging accepted opinion,
he argued that anatomically primitive forms of man spread all over the world in
very ancient times, evolving independently on different continents into
anatomically modern man. The skull was placed in a Brazilian museum but later
mysteriously disappeared." (14)”
Ref.
(14) Alan Lyle Bryan, "An
Overview of Paleo-American Prehistory from a Circum-Pacific Spectrum,"
Early Man in America, Alan Lyle Bryan, ed. (Edmonton, Alberta: Archaeological
Researches International, 1978), pp. 318--327.
Next, an excerpt from possible
fossilized, petrified human bones:
http://www.enigmas.org/aef/lib/paleo/conmain.shtml
The evidence seems to suggest:
“The Carboniferous period is vastly
more recent than conventionally dated [...which] indicates there hasn't been
time for evolution.”
“It would appear that all of the
dating schemes we are familiar with are simply FUBAR, standard army
jargon meaning "Fouled Up Beyond Any Recognition". ”
To do a detailed scientific
study of the findings of Ed Conrad and of Dr. Dale H. Peterson, etc., the most
numerous samples as possible, must need to be analyzed.
Recently a most detailed and
careful indexed study just started to be done on petrified wood:
Witke K, Gotze J, Rossler R,
Dietrich D, Marx G. Raman and cathodoluminescence spectroscopic investigations
on Permian fossil wood from Chemnitz--a contribution to the study of the
permineralisation process. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2004
Oct;60(12):2903-12
From
the Abstract, the next are interesting observations showing that in:
"Silicified wood... a secondary mineralisation of hydrothermal
origin was recognized..."
"...after the primary silicification step a secondary mineralisation step
initiated by hydrothermal processes, seems to have taken place at
probably slightly higher temperatures."
Put the bold words near with your last ISCID posting .
In a picture of the location, you can see that the trees are standing-up, like
in Yellowstone:
http://www.manchesteronline.co.uk/ewm/ic11/84.html
Then notice the use of the word "quartz":
"The resulting silica matrix consists of phanerocrystalline and
microcrystalline alpha-quartz as well as microcrystalline moganite, both
partially associated with iron oxides."
"Dadoxylon sp. is a prominent example for parallel permineralisation by
alpha-quartz and fluorspar, which is outstanding for the Chemnitz Petrified
Forest."
And in:
"The seed fern Medullosa... Raman spectroscopy revealed that these
carbonaceous particles are of an anthracite structure. For experimental
confirmation coal samples of different rank, especially anthracite from
different geological times and localities, were studied by means of Raman
spectroscopy. The remaining pith of the vascular bundles is white-coloured and
consists of alpha-quartz and moganite, whereas surrounding tracheides exhibit
white and reddish coloured parts. The reddish parts, mainly found in the rays,
additionally contain alpha-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 among the SiO2 polymorphs of
alpha-quartz and moganite."
In this last paragraph, notice twice the words "anthracite".
I can see that the pattern
there, which holds similitude with Ed Conrad's findings is that that paper finally
recognized, at last, that mineralisation of hydrothermal origin is possible, as
well as that the quartz formation is possible inside organic tissues from
anthracite deposits.
Those aspects were the main
criticisms against Conrad's findings, and until now, science is coming forward,
at least on analyzing petrified wood to recognize such reality.
Before and still, only 'traders'
use to exploit financially (smile) the vast and many "Treasures of the
Flood":
http://www.greatsouth.net/p-F1328.html
I wish to see, in the near
future, the possibility to do the same, not as McRae did it, of only one
external flank of only one petrified human(oid)? bone sample, but as I say, of
as much samples as it can be possible.
'Kudos' for Ed Conrad on his
going, from the very beginning of his findings, which he did not only one, but
so many times, to the scientific community to ascertain his findings, until he
got so tired of the dismissal of the official scientific establishment. That is
a deep-black page for the history of the official USA science on the how is
that they treated him (other country even has an exhibit of his findings in a
Museum).
For example, you can see the
Smithsonian documented letters that point against the Smithsonian as the main
'political' campaigner vs. the findings of Ed Conrad:
http://www.edconrad.com/oldascoal/page3.html
http://www.edconrad.com/ebay/brain/tales.htm
Next are, for a real scientific
pursuit, some trends from the heart of America (by David Lines):
http://home.texoma.net/~linesden/cem/finger/finger.htm
A detail from the same page:
http://home.texoma.net/~linesden/cem/finger/surfc3a.jpg
The color picture used in the
same page, depicting a fossil worm (evidence of fossil soft tissue):
http://www.bible.ca/tracks/fossil-worm.jpg
To compare it with fossilized
fucoids:
http://www.oocities.org/shioshya/paleo/ppages/ppage5.htm
Dr. Dale H. Peterson, M.D., of
Oklahoma City, who examined the sectioned specimen by means of x-ray, CT Scan
and MRI. Dr. Peterson concluded in a letter to Dennis Petersen from CA, dated
March 27, 2002: "It is my professional opinion that the fossil unearthed
at Glen Rose, Texas, is, in fact, a petrified human finger":
http://www.bible.ca/tracks/fossil-finger-dr-dale-peterson.jpg
More, independent and related
findings (by Ed Conrad):
http://www.edconrad.com/ebay/Au29/MVC-016S.JPG
Plus, just some more examples:
http://www.edconrad.com/oldascoal/bones.htm
A full set of links of petrified
humans and petrified animals:
http://news-reader.org/article.php?group=dc.smithsonian&post_nr=3419
More on presumed petrified
humans:
http://www.pathlights.com/ce_encyclopedia/13anc03.htm
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
“Reck's Controversial
Find”
From:
http://www.krishna.com/printarticles/Rocks.html
“Regarding evidence for the
extreme antiquity of modern man, it should be noted that the extent to which it
challenges the standard views is matched by the degree of vehemence with which
the evolutionary establishment tends to reject it. One example of such
controversy is provided by a find made in 1913 by Dr. Hans Reck in East
Africa's famous Olduvai Gorge.
Dr. Reck discovered a skeleton
of fully modern man in strata that made it contemporary with Peking Man and
Java Man, supposedly distant ancestors of homo sapiens. This find inspired much
controversy, but when the famous Louis Leakey visited the site in 1931 with
Reck, he concluded the skeleton was at least a half million years old. (15)
Opponents continued to argue
that it was an intrusive burial, that it was a man of recent origin buried in
the ancient strata of rock. But Reck insisted that he had taken adequate care
to rule out this interpretation. The strata above the skeleton had been
undisturbed, he claimed. Yet other investigators charged they had found
material from higher strata in the rock matrix in which the skeleton was
embedded. In the face of the conflicting testimony, Reck and Leakey withdrew
their claims.
In 1973, Dr. Reiner Protsch of
the department of biology and anthropology of the J. W. Goethe University in
Frankfurt, West Germany, made a report on radiocarbon dating of Reck's
skeleton. Since the skull was considered too valuable to destroy for
radiocarbon dating, Protsch wanted to use other bones. Unfortunately all of the
skeleton except the skull had mysteriously disappeared from the Munich museum
in which it had been kept! Some fragmentary portions of ribs, long bones, and
vertebrae were later produced and were thought to have come from the originally
complete skeleton. As a precaution, both the skull and the fragments were
tested for nitrogen content to see if they were actually from the same
skeleton. The results of the test were similar enough to not rule out the
possibility that this may have been the case. The subsequent radiocarbon dating
gave an age of 17,000 years for these bones, which according to Protsch means
that the skeleton was buried by digging down from a land surface in the middle
of bed 5 at Olduvai Gorge. (16) This has been taken as final proof that Reck's
skeleton is an intrusive burial and is much younger than originally
thought." ”
References (notice that the
article of Protsch is a faked fabrication, as has been recently discovered many
of his mishandlings):
Refs.
(15) L.S.B. Leakey, Arthur T.
Hopwood, Hans Reck, "Age of the Oldoway Bone Beds, Tanganyika
Territory," Nature, Vol. 128, No. 3234 (October 24, 1931), 724.
(16) Reiner Protsch, "The
Age and Stratigraphic Position of Olduvai Hominid I," Journal of Human
Evolution, Vol. 3 (1974), pp: 379--385.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Then, from the website of Doug
Sharp:
Living
Neanderthal Man
Nature
(London) Dec. 8, 1910,
Vol 85, p. 176.
"In the Phillippine Journal
of Science for June (1910), Dr. R.B. Bean, of the Anatomical Laboratory,
Manila, reports the discovery of a living specimen in the island of Luzon which
he believes to bear close relationship to the Palaeolithic type represented by
the Neanderthal skull. The massive lower jaw with its square ramus and receding
chin, the low cephalic index (73-68), heavy brow ridges, rounded orbits, large
nasal apetures and high nasal index (102-2), combined with small stature (156-8
cm.), muscular frame and short femur, all approximate to a form similar to that
of the antediluvian man of Europe, Homo heidelbergenius. Dr. Bean
in the same issue of the Journal continues his study of the racial anatomy of
the people of Taytay, dealing here with the women, whom he finds to be more
primitive than the men, and closely resembling the women of Siberia. The Blend
type is largely primitive in character, and the Australoid variety comes
between the Iberian and the primitive."
Comment of Doug Sharp: Creationists
find the implications of this type of thinking extremely offensive. These
researchers in effect treated these people as living "specimens" as
if they were observing flora and fauna of a strange new world. This racist
belief logically extended from their evolutionary viewpoint… the [biased]
belief that women were inferior to men was quite blatantly expressed… [neither]
Skin color, along with other racial characteristics, should never be a reason
to separate us from the kinship of being part of mankind, God's creation.
Do we have some more information
regarding Prof. Stolyhwo?
Let's see:
1a-)
Brief Notes on Recent
Anthropological Explorations under the Auspices of the Smithsonian
Institution and the U. S. National Museum. By Ales Hrdlicka. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol.
2, No. 1. (Jan. 15, 1916), pp. 32-37.
Search for Neolithic Human
Remains in Southwestern Russia
- It is well known (See bibliography in A. A. Ivanovskiji, Ob Antropológiceskom
Sostavé Naselenii Rossii, Moskva, 1904) that Southwestern Russia and
particularly the province of Ukrania, is rich in mounds or 'kurgans,' which
yield human remains dating from the early historic back into the neolithic
period. It is the region which in the past has yielded bones colored red (See
Hrdlicka's The Painting of Human Bones, etc. Smithsonian Inst. Rep.
For 1904.), and also some crania of most interesting form, partly transitional
with those of geological antiquity. The exploration was entrusted to Prof.
Kazimir Stolyhwo, Chief of the Anthropological Laboratory at Warsaw, and was
restricted to the district of Kiev, in the vicinity of the villages of Szulaki,
Puhaczowka, Chejtowa, Zywotowka, Tackowica, Zacisze, and Horodnica.
The total number of Kurgans
explored was thirty-three, twenty-seven of which yielded human remains, which,
however, in the majority of cases had been disturbed. The mounds averaged close
to 90 feet in diameter, the range being from approximaltey 40 to nearly 300
feet; and nearly 5 feet in height, or from less than a foot to nearly 8 feet.
Most if not all of the tumuli were originally higher, being reduced in the
course of time by agriculture. The tops of several of the mounds were covered
with stone, which must have been brought from a distance. The number of human
burials encountered in these mounds was upwards of 70. They were located generally
about or not far from the center of the mound and at varying depths, from a few
inches to nearly 15 feet beneath the summit. Some of the burials were plainly
intrusive. The old burials included individuals of both sexes and all ages. The
bodies were as a rule in moderately contracted position. In the majority of
cases the bones were colored more or less red, due to the inclusion in the
graves of red ochre. The mode of buria differed. In one mound it was by
incineration of several individuals; in others a fossa had been made in the
surface of the ground, in which the body or bodies were placed, the grave being
covered by a low shelter of wood, about and over which was piled the soil from
the immediate neighborhood. In still other instances the body was simply buried
in the earth. Most of the mounds contained also traces of ceremonial fire and
of animal bones, some of accidental inclusion, but some probably from
offerings. The archeological remains were scarce, though many may have been
removed by treasure hunters previously. With two skeletons, in two separate but
adjacent mounds, there was found iron; with three or possibly four, were traces
(stains) of brass or copper; with one a small ornament of gold; with six there
were old articles of bronze such as ear pendants and bracelets; with six there
were objects of bone, such as heads, or artificially perforated teeth of
carnivores; with two burials there were implements of stone, and fourteen of
the mounds yielded primitive hand-made pottery. The older skeletal remains of
man are of special interest. Although in poor condition, they show a uniform
dolichocephalic type of people, of good stature; there is no evidence of any
superposition of types or even mixture until we come to relatively recent
burials. The animal bones recovered from the various mounds comprise those of
three or four species now extinct in these regions, namely: Bison bonasus,
Equus (prob. gmelini), Ochotona pusilla, and Marmota
bobak; and those of some of the common living ungulates and carnivora, a
few birds, with a variety of rodents. Detailed report on these finds is in
preparation by Professor Stolyhwo.
1b-) [Same reference as 1a]
Explorations in the Birusa
caves and rock shelters on the Yenisei River, Siberia: During my trip along the Yenisei River
in 1912, my attention was forcibly attracted by a large number of caves showing
from a distance in the cliffs of a wild region about the mouth of a small
stream known as the Birusa, on the left bank of the river about 50 miles south
of Krasnoyarsk. The whole locality is known as Birusa and, as I learned later,
some of the caves and nearby tumuli have been previously explored in part by M.
Jelenief of Krasnoyarsk, who discovered in them remains pointing in particular
to the Neolithic period. As the whole region west of the Yenisei in this
latitude is very rich in mounds and other remains of old populations, some of
which are known to date back to the Neolithic period, it seemed most desirable
to subject the Birusa caves, as far as possible, to scientific exploration, and
the work was intrusted to professor Stolyhwo, who the year before explored the
mounds in Ukrania. The work was carried out during the latter part of the
summer of 1913, but was greatly interfered with by adverse weather and other
unfavroable conditions. Nevertheless, excavations were completed in three of
the caves, four rock shelters and one mound. The results were more encouraging
than conclusive. With the exception of few teeth, no skeletal remains of man
were discovered; but the caves and shelters yielded numerous traces and
examples of bone and stone industry. A detailed account of this exploration
also is being prepared for publication by Professor Stolyhwo. Careful and
extended exploration of the region is most desirable. The many remaining caves
about the Birusa and the thousands of mounds over the steppes to the westward,
only a few of which have as yet been touched, invite urgently the hands of the
archeologist.
2a-)
Some Recent Anthropological
Explorations. By Ales
Hrdlicka. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America, Vol. 1, No. 4. (Apr. 15, 1915), pp. 235-238.
Ancient Man in Europe and
Asia. Field work was
done by J. Matiegka, head of the Anthropological Bureau of the Bohemian University
at Prague, on the subject of neolithic and later prehistoric man in central
Europe. Other explorations were carried on by K. Stolyhwo, head of the
Anthropological Institute of Warsaw in relation to: (a) ancient man of
southwestern Russia; (b) ancient man of the Yenesei valley, Siberia. And a
journey was made by me for the purpose of making a survey of the various well
authenticated ancient skeletal remains of man in the Museums of Europe and of
the sites of their discovery.
The direct results of these
expeditions were the acquisiton of a series of valuable specimens, including a
trephined and mineralized neolithic skull in excellent state of preservation,
and of valuable data which in part have already been published (Hrdlička,
A., The most ancient skeletal remains of man, Smithsonian Rept. for
1914, pp. 491-552, pls. i-xli.) and in part are in preparation for publication.
The kourgans or burial mounds in
northeastern Russia were found to range in age from the neolithic to the
Scythic periods. They yielded some exceedingly interesting skeletal material of
man as well as that of various animals, some of which are now extinct in these
regions. The Yenisei caves, regrettably, gave few skeletal remains, though such
could doubtless be obtained by further exploration; but they yielded objects of
neolithic culture, which may be of value in future archeological comparisons
with the more eastern portions of Asia and possibly even with America. The
examination of the ancient skeletal finds in Europe showed, besides a series of
more or less doubtful specimens, a wealth of thoroughly authenticated material
relating to man's descent…
2b-) [Same reference as 2a]
Search in Asia for Traces of
the Race that Peopled America.
Besides the explorations in the Yenisei caves, above mentioned, two trips were
made to northeastern Asia. The first of these, made by me, extended to the
upper Yenisei and Selenga river territories and to outer Mongolia, while the
second, by St. (Stanislaw) Poniatowski, head of the recenty established Ethnological
Institute at Warsaw, penetrated to the living tribes in the Primorskaia Oblast,
Siberia. The results of these expeditions comprise anthropological data, a
valuable series of photographs, and a collection of rare skeletal material. The
evidence indicates that there still exist, throughout extensive areas of
norhtern and eastern Asia remnants of former prehistoric (rather than
'paleoasiatic') peoples closely resembling the American Indian in type,
mentality and other important particulars. In southern Siberia, Mongolia, and
the regions to the eastward, there are also extensive archeological remains in
the forms of mounds and occupation sites, ranging in chronology from neolithic
to historic times. The exploration of these has yet scarcely been commenced,
and may be expected, when properly entered upon, to reveal details of the
greatest consequence to American anthropology, for here somewhere must lie the
remains, cultural and skeletal, of the ancestors of those who peopled the
American continent (For preliminary reports on this work, see Smithsonian
Inst. Misc. Collect., 60, (1912); Compte-Rendu XIV Cong. Intern.
d'Anthropologie et d'Archéologie Préhist., Genève, 1913; and Trans.
XVIII Intern. Cong. Americanists, London, 1914).
2c-) [Miscellaneous, see link
below]
Also see: National
Anthropological Archives and Human Studies Film Archives: The Papers of
Aleš Hrdlicka (1869-1943) include his correspondence with Kazimir Stolyhwo. Hrdlicka
was born in Bohemia (Czech). At the requrest of Frederic W. Putnam, of the
American Museum of Natural History, Hrdlicka examined controversial skeletal
material from Trenton, New Jersey, and Lansing, Kansas. In 1906 traveled to
Florida to examine allegedly ancient remains of man. In 1910, in Argentina he
again examined allegedly ancient remains of man. In Peru, he made a large
collection of skeletal material near Trujillo, at Pachamac, and in the Chicama
Valley. He examined fossil remains of man in Europe and directed other
anthropologists in South and East Africa ; St. Lawrence Island, Alaska; the
Philippines; eastern Siberia; and the Ukraine. In 1918, he surveyed ancient
sites in eastern Florida for the Bureau of American Ethnology. As director of
the American School for Prehistoric Studies in France, he again studied fossil
remains of man in Europe in 1922 and 1923. With much of the Army Medical Museum
skeletal collection already transferred to the Smithsonian, Hrdlicka amassed a
bone collection that included the Huntington collection, casts of fossil
remains of man, and a large and diverse North American collection. He also
gathered a large collection of human brains. In addition, he was involved in
many other activities. For United States government agencies, he provided
services ranging from forensic examinations… During World War II, he advised
government officials on postwar policies toward certain national groups… He
represented the Smithsonian at several international gatherings of scholars, including
meetings of the International Congress of Americanists. Hrdlicka's papers…
reflects his many professional interests and activities except the earliest,
for which the documents burned):
http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa/guide/jrg35c.htm
3-)
Elizabeth Thompson Science
Fund. By Charles S.
Minot. Science, New Series, Vol. 35, No. 903. (Apr. 19, 1912),
pp. 612-613.
No. 172, $75 to K. Stolyhwo, rue Kaliksta,
Varsovie, Poland, for the archeological exploration of the Cave of Lary,
Poland. (Application 1,264).
Signature by Charles S. Minot,
Secretary. Harvard Medical School, Boston.
4-)
Scientific Notes and News. Science, New Series, Vol. 59,
No. 1519. (Feb. 8, 1924), pp. 140-143.
The following awards where made
at the last meeting of the trustees of the Elizabeth Thompson Science Fund on
November 27, 1923: … to professor H. (this seems to be a
"typo" and should be a "K.") Stolyhwo,
Anthropological Institute, Warsaw, $ 200 to aid in his studies of anthropologic
types on Polish Territory… The Elizabeth Thompson Science Fund is administered
by G. H. Parker, president; E. B. Wilson, secretary; Charles S.
Rackemann, treasurer; and G. H. Baxter and W. B. Cannon, members of
the board of trustees. The trustees meet three times a year toward the end
of February, of May and of November. Applications should be in the hands of the
secretary well in advance of the date of the meeting.
5-)
Grants from the Elizabeth
Thompson Science Fund
(in Scientific Events). Science, New Series, Vol. 63, No. 1634. (Apr.
23, 1926), pp. 419-420.
At the Meeting of May 28. 1925. No.
267 to K. Stolywho, Anthropologic Institute, Warsaw, Poland, $ 300 for
anthropological investigations in Poland.
6-)
News and Notes. Science, New Series, Vol. 104,
No. 2688. (Jul. 5, 1946), pp. 10-16.
In: Announcements:
The International Congress of
the Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, which last met in Copenhagen in 1938, has been reconstituted
by a well-attended meeting of the Permanent Council, at New College, Oxford,
13-15 April, and at the Royal Anthropological Institute, London, 16-18 April…
attended by 34 delegates, it was voted to hold the next, or third, session of
the Congress in Czechoslovakia during August 1947… Those present included:
Stolyhwo (Poland).
At that time it was stated: Science
stands ready to relinquish all priority to papers now waiting in our files for
publication if the author can find a suitable medium for prompter publication.
7-)
Kazimierz Stolyhwo was the
founder in 1905 of the "Anthropological Laboratory at the Museum of
Industry and Farming", University of Warsaw. "The beginnings were
very difficult. Prof. Stolyhwo did not receive any salary and his only
collaborator was his wife - Maria… Prof. Stolyhwo assembled more than a dozen
of collaborators, including Stanislaw Poniatowski and Rev. Boleslaw Rosinski…
[when] Kazimierz Stolyhwo moved to Cracow in 1933, the [then called] Institute
of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, strongly depending on his
activity, ceased to exist… Rev. Professor Boleslaw Rosinski returned to Warsaw
for good and started building up a new unit, initially only as a laboratory and
a seminar… [but] in January 1954 Prof. B. Rosinski retired. Being a parish
priest at St.Theresa's church on Tamka Street in Warsaw, he moved to the Catholic
Theological Academy and occupied the Chair of Anthropology there… [today]
members of "Puerta del Sol" [from Poland] take part in
excavations carried out by the Andean Mission [from Poland] in Peru and
Bolivia… the Mission issues its own annual bulletin and, in collaboration with the
Polish Society for Latin American Studies, the journal "Estudios
Latinoamericanos". In 1998 Wiercinski's book titled "Tlillan-Tlapallan.
Estudios sobre la religion mesoamericana" was published by the above
mentioned Society… [and there are] the Department's own series "Anthropology
of religion" presenting the students' best works. The Department and the
Andean Archaeological Mission actively joined the organization of the
50th International Congress of Americanists in 2000."
http://www.archeo.uw.edu.pl/antropologia/english/hist1.htm
"Kazimierz Stolyhwo, in
1905, organized an anthropological laboratory at the Museum of Industry and
Agriculture, in Warsaw (Spencer, 1997; Malinowski and Wolanski, 1985). Stolyhwo
was interested in anthropogenesis, transitional forms between Neanderthal
and modern Homo sapiens… He also manufactured anthropometric equipment
and was commissioned by the Smithsonian’s Ales Hrdlicka because of his interest
in paleopathology (Spencer, 1997). Polish anthropologists were becoming well
known internationally… In 1920, Stolyhwo and Jan Mydlarski surveyed over eighty
thousand conscripts. They took anthropometrical measurements and Mydlarski
deciphered the inheritance of the ABO blood group system, but… Mydlarski was
beaten to publication by the more aggressive Bernstein (Bielicki et al.,
1985)."
http://home.utm.utoronto.ca/~e0g7ntsc/Poland.doc
http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3wri305/e0g7ntsc/www/Poland.doc
8-)
The Races of Europe, by Carleton
Stevens Coon (1939). Chapter VI, section 5. The Scythians.
"A series of Bronze Age
crania from the lower Volga region is identical, at least in indices, with the
later Scythian group, and so is that from the Ukrainian Urnfields. Three skulls
of so-called "Cimmerians" likewise show no important deviation."
Ref.: Stolyhwo, K., Swiatowit,
vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
http://www.fikas.no/~sprocket/snpa/chapter-VI5.htm
From the Library for the Society
for Nordish Physical Anthropology: http://www.fikas.no/~sprocket/snpa/articles.htm
9-)
Kowalski - Relatio Ibrahim ibn
Ja'kub de itinere Slavico, quae traditur apud al-Bekri / Edidit, commentario et
versione polonica atque latina instruxit Thaddaeus Kowalski cum adnotationibus
J.Kostrzewski, K.Stolyhwo, K.Moszynski, K.Nitsch. Cracoviae, 1946 (Monumenta
Poloniae Historica, Nova series, T. 1). [In Latin].
http://kulichki.com/~gumilev/Rest/rest0106.htm
10-)
In 1958 he stills alive and
exchanging scientific correspondence related to Neanderthals with another Czech
researcher:
http://www.vesmir.cz/clanek.php3?CID=5205
11-)
Was in a German Concentration
Camp in World War II:
W niewoli u N.S.D.A.P.: zestawienie biograficzne w okresie od
1. IX. 1939 - 18. I. 1945 / Kazimierz Stolyhwo. Krakow: Nakladem Ksiegarni
Floriana Trzecieckiego, 1946. 58 p. (in Polish. Tentative translation: A
Prisoner of the German Nazis: Biographic statements, within ex 1. IX. 1939 to
18. I. 1945. Using: http://www.omniglot.com/links/translation.htm).
Subject: Political
prisoners--Germany--1939-1945--Personal narratives; Poland; Dachau (Germany :
Concentration Camp). Located at: Sourasky Central Library (System Number:
001554949).
http://132.66.58.20/ALEPH/ENG/TAU/AAC/AAC/FIND-ACC/3026814
http://gplanost.x-berg.de/widerstand.html
12-)
He is associated to Eugeina
Stolyhwowa (also mentioned above):
Folia Morphol (Warsz). 1970;29(2):121-8. [Kazimierz and
Eugenia Stolyhwo: reminiscences] [Article in Polish] Reicher M.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=4916646
13-)
The Other Child: Poles in
Latin America. By Bernadine
Pietraszek
"Among the explorers and
scientists who studied life and primitive culture in Argentina, Chile, Bolivia
and Mexico were Domeyko and Stolyhwo."
http://www.polishroots.org/paha/poles_latinamerica.htm
Here he is called in his
castillian or latinized name, Casimir Stolyhwo:
Stolyhwo, Casimir, Prof. of
Cracow-deported, 450, 453
http://www.polishroots.org/databases/black_book2.htm
///////////////////
Regarding his disciple H.
Hoyer:
Science News. Science, New Series, Vol. 71,
No. 1831. (Jan. 31, 1930), p. x+xii+xiv. Remains of an Ice Age
Rhinoceros in Poland.
H. Hoyer, Member of the Sarunia
Research Committee.
Do we have some more information
on Neanderthals in Poland?
Let's see:
http://www.dur.ac.uk/icaz.2002/sessions/neanderthal.html
10:00-10:20. Marylène Patou
Mathis
Subsistence behaviours in Middle
Palaeolithic site in Poland: the Raj Cave
ICAZ, Durham 2002. Neanderthal
Ecology (scientific programme)
Session Organiser - Ariane Burke
(U. of Manitoba; aburke@cc.umanitoba.ca)
http://www.showcaves.com/english/pl/showcaves/Raj.html
Jaskinia Raj. Raj Cave -
Eden Cave.
History: SEP-1964 discovered.
JUN-1972 opened to the public
Description: Jaskinia Raj is a
horizontal cave system with many nice speleothems. The tour uses an artificial
entrance tunnel and another artificial tunnel between two ends of cave passages
allow a round trip inside the cave.
Paleolithic remains were found
in the cave. The remains of Neanderthal man are the reason why this cave is
protected.
The cave has a small exhibition
of speleothems, archaeological and paleontological finds.
http://panda.bg.univ.gda.pl/~dbart/inne/raj_p.html
References:
Rubinowski Z., 1996, Raj - [W:] Jaskinie
Rejonu Swietokrzyskiego, Urban J. (red.), PTPNoZ, Warszawa.
Rubinowski Z., Wroblewski
T.,1986, Jaskinia Raj, Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa.
Wroblewski T., 1983, Jaskinia
Raj, KAW, Lódz.
Parma Ch., 1992, Najpiekniejsze
jaskinie, Voyager, Warszawa.
http://www.habdas.kielce.com/speleo/raj.html
http://www.complex.com.pl/~leslaw/ssk/raj.html
http://www.budowlani.kielce.com.pl/Przewodnik
http://www.slowoludu.com.pl/gazeta/codzienna/2001/6xi/2.pdf
http://www.slowoludu.com.pl/gazeta/codzienna/2002/XI/30/6.pdf
Narzedzia krzemienne ludzi neandertalskich
("Narzedzia flint of the neanderthal folks").
/////////////////
What have to say about that some
Bible Scholars?
Let's notice that the
characteristics of the city of Ashtaroth (ca B.C. 1451) and the attire of
Goliat (ca. B.C. 1063). Similar styles reappeared in Medieval times.
Ashtaroth, Ashtoreth: "A
city, presumably a center of the worship of the goddess Ashtaroth (see below)…
the city probably mentioned in the time of Abraham was later the capital of the
giant Og, king of Bashan (Deut. 1:4). It was in the territory allotted to
Manasseh by Moses (Jos. 13:31), but, though Joshua conquered Og (Jos. 9:10) and
took Ashtaroth (Jos. 12:4), it was evidently not held, for it remained among
the territories yet to be possessed when Joshua was an old man (Jos. 13:12)… A
stylized representation of a city with crenellated towers and battlements
standing on a mound below the name as-tar-tu (Astartu) is given
on a bas-relief (a limestone relief) of Tiglath-Pileser III, which was
discovered at Nimrud (British Museum 118908)". "Ashtaroth was
also the name of a mother goddess with aspects as goddess of fertility, love
and war, known to the Israelites through the Canaanites (1 Ki 11:5)…" T.
C. M., The New Bible Dictionary.
http://biblicalstudies.info/bibartbm.pdf
Anakim were a Cushite tribe of the same race as
the Philistines and the Egyptian shepherd kings. David on several occasions
encountered them (2 Samuel 21:15-22). From this race sprung Goliath (1
Samuel 17:4) (Easton, M.G., 1897, Illustrated Bible Dictionary, 3rd
Edition, published by Thomas Nelson, online edition).
It is written that Og was
of the remnant of the giants (Rephaim) (Deut. 3:11, Josh. 12:4),
equally, other Rephaim individuals, children or sons of the giant (Raphah
in 2 Sam., Rapha in 1 Chr.) within the Canaanite group of the
Philistines, are: Sippai also called Saph (1 Chr. 20:4, 2 Sam. 21:18), that
was of the children of the giant, which was slain by Sibbechai the
Hushathite; and Lahmi (1 Chr. 20:5, 2 Sam. 21:19), the brother of Goliath
the Gittite (see below), whose spear staff was like a weaver's beam.
Lahmi was slain by Elhanan the son of Jair. Then we have the description of a
man (Heb. ’Ish, a male) of great stature, whose fingers
and toes were four and twenty, six on each hand, and six on
each foot: and he also was the son of the giant, but when he defied
Israel, Jonathan the son of Shimea, David's brother, slew him (1Chr. 20:7, 2
Sam. 21:20). One of them (Ishbibenob) almost killed David, who waxed
faint. Ishbibenob, was of the sons of the giant, the weight of whose
spear weighed three hundred shekels of brass in weight, he being
girded with a new sword, thought to have slain David, but Abishai the
son of Zeruiah succoured him, and smote the Philistine, and killed him. Those
four were born unto the giant in Gath; and they fell by the hand of David, and
by the hand of his servants (1 Chr. 20:8, 2 Sam. 21:22).
But the most well known of these
Giants, and of which a deeper description is given in the Bible is Goliath
(whose name means "an exile or soothsayer," Young’s, p. 426)
of Gath (1 Sam. 17:4-51, 21:9, 22:10). We will find a remarkable set of details
about his garment. He is described as a champion out of the camp of the
Philistines, whose height was six cubits and a span, and he
had six pieces clothing him: an helmet of brass upon his head, and
he was armed with a coat of mail; and the weight of the coat was
five thousand shekels of brass, and he had greaves of brass upon his
legs, and a target of brass between his shoulders, and the staff of his spear was
like a weaver's beam; and his spear's head weighed six hundred
shekels of iron: and one bearing a shield went before him, and he stood and
cried unto the armies of Israel. This cry was to instill fear in them, and its
result was that "they were dismayed, and greatly and sore afraid"
(1Sam 17:11, 1Sam 17:24), and the Philistine Goliath drew near morning and
evening, and presented himself forty days (1Sam 17:16). The Philistine said,
"I defy the armies of Israel this day; give me a man, that we may fight
together" (1Sam 17:10), but David clearly understood the real background,
when he said: for who is this uncircumcised Philistine, that he should
defy the armies of the living God? (1Sam 17:26), and David said to the king of
Israel "Let no man's heart fail because of him; thy servant will go and
fight with this Philistine" (1Sam 17:32), and also "thy servant slew
both the lion and the bear: and this uncircumcised Philistine shall be as one
of them" (1Sam 17:36), "the LORD that delivered me out of the paw of
the lion, and out of the paw of the bear, he will deliver me out of the hand of
this Philistine" (1Sam 17:37).
On analyzing the details of the
description of Goliath’s garments we have an interesting detail: Goliath was six
cubits and a span in height (1 Sam. 17:4), his spear's head weighed six
hundred shekels (1 Sam. 17:7), and he had six pieces of armour (1 Sam.
17:5-7). The great defiers of God have been stamped with the number six,
equally Nebuchadnezzar's Image was sixty cubits in height, and six
cubits wide; and six main instruments of music summoned its worshippers
(Dan. 3) (E. W. Bullinger, The Apocalypse, or "The Day of the
Lord", The Fourth Vision "On Earth", 2nd ed., 1909).
"The presence of these Nephilim,
or fallen ones, who "come of the Nephilim" (see R.V.), in the
land of Canaan… [was] the root cause for the extermination of the Canaanites.
It was not at all a matter of unjust cruelty or vengeance on the part of
Israel; but it was a matter of moral necessity for the well being of the human
race, as such; and hence it was a command of God. In this case the sword was
the instrument of judgment. Joshua beginning the work … the punitive justice of
God was to preserve the race from absolute extinction, and secure the
fulfillment of His Word and Will in the coming of the Seed of the woman (Gen.
3.15)", in: James Christopher Smith, The Ages: Past, Present, and Future.
5. The Main Cause of the Apostacy, 1905, Things to Come, 11(12):138-139.
The Amalekites declined
later, and in Hezekiah´s days the sons of Simeon attacked "the remnant of
the Amalekites that escaped", taking their stronghold in Mount Seir (1
Chr. 4:43).
"Infidels never tire of
charging God with cruelty, not knowing the awful ancestry, or the nature and
character of this corrupt race. The judgment executed by Israel was a mercy
(Ps. 136.20) to the whole human race" (Bullinger, E. W., "S" and
"s" or THE USE AND USAGE of pneuma in the New Testament, 1905, Things
to Come, 11(10):110-111).
Go to other related study:
http://www.oocities.org/fdocc3/sidebyside.htm
Useful Links:
Research on Intelligent Design
Tasters of the Word (YouTube), videos recientes: "Astronomía y Nacimiento de Jesucristo: Once de Septiembre Año Tres A.C.", "Estudio sobre Sanidades" (en 20 episodios), "Jesus Christ, Son or God?":
Tasters of the Word (the blog, with: "Astronomy and the Birth of Jesus Christ"):
