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• A LAN is a high-speed, fault-tolerant data network that covers a relatively small geographic area. It
  typically connects workstations, personal computers, printers, and other devices. LANs offer
  computer users many advantages, including shared access to devices and applications, file exchange
  between connected users, and communication between users via electronic mail and other
  applications.
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• AN Protocols and the OSI Reference Model
• 
  LAN protocols function at the lowest two layers of the OSI reference model,  between the physical layer and the data link layer.
• Figure illustrates how several popular LAN protocols map to the OSI reference model.
• 
                                                  Popular LAN protocols mapped to the OSI reference model.

•        
• LAN Media-Access Methods
• 
  LAN protocols typically use one of two methods to access the physical network medium: carrier
  sense multiple access collision detect (CSMA/CD) and token passing.
• 
  In the CSMA/CD media-access scheme, network devices contend for use of the physical network
  medium. CSMA/CD is therefore sometimes called contention access. Examples of LANs that use
  the CSMA/CD media-access scheme are Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 networks, including 100BaseT.
• 
  In the token-passing media-access scheme, network devices access the physical medium based on
  possession of a token. Examples of LANs that use the token-passing media-access scheme are Token
  Ring/IEEE 802.5 and FDDI.
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• LAN Transmission Methods
• 
  LAN data transmissions fall into three classifications: unicast, multicast, and broadcast. In each type
  of transmission, a single packet is sent to one or more nodes.
• 
  In a unicast transmission, a single packet is sent from the source to a destination on a network. First,
  the source node addresses the packet by using the address of the destination node. The package is
  then sent onto the network, and finally, the network passes the packet to its destination.
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  A multicast transmission consists of a single data packet that is copied and sent to a specific subset
  of nodes on the network. First, the source node addresses the packet by using a multicast address.
  The packet is then sent into the network, which makes copies of the packet and sends a copy to each
  node that is part of the multicast address.
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• A broadcast transmission consists of a single data packet that is copied and sent to all nodes on the
  network. In these types of transmissions, the source node addresses the packet by using the broadcast
  address. The packet is then sent into the network, which makes copies of the packet and sends a copy
  to every node on the network.
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• LAN topologies
•  
• LAN topologies define the manner in which network devices are organized. Four common LAN
  topologies exist: bus, ring, star, and tree. These topologies are logical architectures, but the actual
  devices need not be physically organized in these configurations. Logical bus and ring topologies,
  for example, are commonly organized physically as a star. A bus topology is a linear LAN
  architecture in which transmissions from network stations propagate the length of the medium and
  are received by all other stations. Of the three most widely used LAN implementations,
  Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 networks--- , including 100BaseT---, implement a bus topology.
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• A ring topology is a LAN architecture that consists of a series of devices connected to one another
  by unidirectional transmission links to form a single closed loop. Both Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 and
  FDDI networks implement a ring topology.
• 
  A star topology is a LAN architecture in which the endpoints on a network are connected to a
  common central hub, or switch, by dedicated links. Logical bus and ring topologies are often
  implemented physically in a star topology.
• 
  A tree topology is a LAN architecture that is identical to the bus topology, except that branches with
  multiple nodes are possible in this case. Figure 2-5 illustrates a logical tree topology.
  Figure 2-4 Some networks implement a logical ring topology.

                      Ring  topology

                              Tree topology     

• LAN Devices
  
  Devices commonly used in LANs include repeaters, hubs, LAN extenders, bridges, LAN switches,
  and routers.
• 
  
  A repeater is a physical layer device used to interconnect the media segments of an extended
  network. A repeater essentially enables a series of cable segments to be treated as a single cable.
  Repeaters receive signals from one network segment and amplify, retime, and retransmit those
  signals to another network segment.
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• These actions prevent signal deterioration caused by long cable
  lengths and large numbers of connected devices. Repeaters are incapable of performing complex
  filtering and other traffic processing. In addition, all electrical signals, including electrical
  disturbances and other errors, are repeated and amplified. The total number of repeaters and network
  segments that can be connected is limited due to timing and other issues. Figure  illustrates a
  repeater connecting two network segments.

                                           A repeater connects two network segments

• A hub is a physical-layer device that connects multiple user stations, each via a dedicated cable.
  Electrical interconnections are established inside the hub. Hubs are used to create a physical star
  network while maintaining the logical bus or ring configuration of the LAN. In some respects, a hub
  functions as a multiport repeater.
• 
  A LAN extender is a remote-access multilayer switch that connects to a host router. LAN extenders
  forward traffic from all the standard network-layer protocols (such as IP, IPX, and AppleTalk), and
  filter traffic based on the MAC address or network-layer protocol type. LAN extenders scale well
  because the host router filters out unwanted broadcasts and multicasts. LAN extenders, however, are
  not capable of segmenting traffic or creating security firewalls. Figure  illustrates multiple LAN
  extenders connected to the host router through a WAN.
   
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•                             Multiple LAN extenders can connect to the host router through a WAN

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