Manhasset Mid Term Review

Here are links to web sites that contain review notes, animations, and question banks to study for your mid- term which is on Friday January 25, 2007.

http://www.mrsciguy.com/scienceindex.html Mr. Medina a science teacher in the Three Village

School District. Contains review notes, and links to review sites.

http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/staff/staff.php?sectionid=2149 Mr. Burrows web page contains animations, interactive reference tables, interactive regents exams, and other visual aids to studying the content.

http://www.newyorkscienceteacher.com/sci/ Mr. Sheehan a science teacher at Balwin HS New York has lots of linls to review games, and regents review for mid-terms and final exams.

http://external.oneonta.edu/mentor/NYGEOTCHR.html A list of New York state Teachers and their web pages.

Here are notes for the first three units that will be covered on the mid-term Friday January 25, 2007

Now go to school island to take Mid term review quiz #1 http://schoolisland.com/review/login.asp

Notes on Unit 1The Earth Model

Now go to school island to take Mid term review quiz #2 http://schoolisland.com/review/login.asp

Notes on Unit 2 Rocks and Minerals

A mineral is

Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Definite chemical composition & crystalline structure
Solid

All physical properties of minerals come from the “internal arrangement of atoms”

Mineral Identification Tests

The Color Test- easiest test to do but not always reliable

The Streak Test

The color of the powdered mineral.
Performed by rubbing the unknown mineral on an unglazed tile.

The Luster Test

the way a mineral shines or doesn't shine
the only way to really learn the different lusters is to see them for yourself.

Types of Luster

Metallic- looks like shiney metal
Non-metallic- all the other ways that a mineral can shine

Glassy/vitreous- shines like a piece of broken glass (most common non-metallic)
Dull/earthy- no shine at all
Resinous/waxy- looks like a piece of plastic or dried glue
Pearly- looks oily it may have a slight rainbow like an oil slick on water. Also looks like the inside of some clam shells
Adamantine- brilliant, sparkling shine like a diamond

Hardness- a minerals resistance to scratching. This should not be confused with brittleness. A diamond is very hard and will scratch a hammer but a hammer will smash a diamond. Likewise, talc, one of the softest minerals, is not squishy. It will still put a serious hurting on you if you get hit in the head with it.

Moh’s Scale of Hardness

Talc (Softest)
Gypsum
Calcite
Fluorite
Apatite
Feldspar (AKA Albite)
Quartz
Topaz
Corundum
Diamond (Hardest)

Fingernail 2.5
Penny 3.5
Iron Nail 4.5
Glass Plate 5.5
Steel File 6.5
Streak Plate 7

Cleavage -To break along flat surfaces.

Examples of Cleavage

Cubic- To break into cubes

Rhombihedral- to break into “pushed over cubes”

Basal- to split into thin sheets

Fracture -The way a mineral without cleavage breaks.

Examples of Fracture

conchoidal- to break in a scooped out bowl shape- like a conch (sea snail)
hackly fracture- to have irregular sharp edges
splintery- to break into long, thin needles

Miscellaneous Tests

Acid- Calcite and powdered dolomite will effervesce (fizz) in dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Smell- Sphalerite will give off a rotten-egg smell when streaked on a streak plate. (Note: pure sulfur does not smell like rotten eggs!)
Magnetism- Magnetite (AKA Lodestone) will pick up paper clips (weak samples will only be able to pick up staples)
Taste- Halite is rock salt and will taste salty. *Do not taste the samples since some have been tested with acid to see if it is calcite.
Fluorescence- some minerals (mostly forms of calcite) will glow in fluorescent colors under a black (UV) light.
Double refraction- some clear forms of calcite (Iceland Spar) will make a double image of words.

A little about Quartz:

One of the most abundant minerals in the world (Quartz and feldspar fight for #1)
Makes beach sand
Makes glass (melted beach sand)
Chemical formula: SiO2
Since it is SiO2, there is twice as much oxygen as silicon.
According to the Reference Tables pg 11, Oxygen is the #1 element in the crust with Silicon #2 (and about half that of Oxygen)
Crystal shape is a pyramid called a “tetrahedron”

Tetra = 4
hedron =“sided solid

Rocks

A rock is a mixture of one or more minerals. They are classified by the way that they are made.

Monominerallic- a rock made of only one mineral. In this case, the rock is both a rock and a mineral.

Polyminerallic- a rock made from more than one mineral.

Rock Cycle

Igneous Rocks

“Fire Formed”- melted rock material cools and solidifies (“freezing”)
Intrusive- rock formed inside the Earth
Extrusive- rock formed on the surface
Texture- the size of the crystals- NOT HOW IT FEELS

INtrusive	Extrusive
Rocks INSIDE the Earth	Rocks OUTSIDE the Earth
Plutonic	Volcanic
Formed from magma	Formed from lava
Usually dark	Usually light colored
Usually dense	Usually low density (light)
Mafic: (magnesium and Iron (Fe)	Felsic: feldspar (aluminum)
Cools slowly	Cools quickly
Large grains	Small or no grains (fine or glassy)

Igneous rocks have “Intergrown Crystals”

Intergrown...

Intergrown...

Not Intergrown...

Sedimentary Rocks- Made from sediments or rock material that has been broken down in some way.

Sedimentary rocks are usually formed in a watery environment.
Often layered
Are the only rocks that normally contain fossils

Types of Sedimentary Rocks

Clastic (fragmental) –made by compaction and cementation of sediments.

Clastic rocks are identified by the size of the fragments.
Conglomerate has rounded fragments...

Breccia has angular fragments...

Chemically formed rocks: evaporites

Formed when water carrying minerals evaporates and leaves the minerals behind.
Are identified by the minerals present (ie halite hardness of 2.5)

Bioclastic-

bio= life
clastic= fragments

Made from accumulated shells (limestone) or plants (coal)

Metamorphic Rocks

changed from a pre-existing rock
caused by extreme heat and/or pressure
may result in a distorted structure like this...

or this...

Regional Metamorphism

Caused by extreme pressure and heat.
Happens over wide “regions”.

Rocks go from this...

To this...

Contact Metamorphism

Caused by contact with extreme heat.

Metamorphic rocks will often have foliation or a distorted structure.

Foliation is a “grain” to the rock.

Gneissic Foliation

minerals are squished into bands.
Zebra Stripes”

Banding vs. Layers:

Bands do not go all the way through and across your rock. Layers, like in sedimentary rocks go all the way through like a layer in a cake.

Bands...

Layers...

Schistose foliation- minerals have been squashed into flakes of mica.

Schist (actually it's holey schist)

Slaty foliation- rock splits into flat, thin layers.

Ten years of
Medina On-Line
1994-2004

Rocks & Minerals

Key Points of a Hardness Test

Choose one mineral to be the scratcher and one to be the scratchee.
Pick a smooth, flat surface to scratch.
After doing the test, wipe the powder away to confirm that the scratchee really got scratched.
If the scratchee did not get scratched, switch the two rocks and repeat.

Hardness Tools

Fingernail 2.5
Penny 3.5
Iron Nail 4.5
Glass Plate 5.5
Steel File 6.5
Streak Plate 7