Section 1- Kinetic Theory
Objectives
·
Explain the kinetic theory of matter
·
Describe particle movement in the four states of
matter.
·
Explain particle behavior at the melting and boiling
points.
All matter takes up _______ and has _____, but it can
exists in different states.
The four states of matter are_______ ,______,
_______ , and
_________ .
Tiny particles in constant motion make up all matter. This idea is called kinetic theory of
matter.
The three assumptions of the kinetic theory are:
1.
All matter is composed of small particles.
2.
These particles are in constant random motion.
3.
These particles are colliding with each other and
the walls of their container.
The state of a sample of matter depends on its
temperature. The _______ the
temperature, the _________ the particles move.
In science, temperature is the average ________ energy in the substance.
KE is energy of __________.
PE is __________ energy.
Thermal energy is the _____ and _______ of the particles
that make up a substance. The theory is
that at absolute zero, particle motion _________.
The particles in a solid are very ___________ . They vibrate or move slowly against each
other. Solids have a __________ shape
and a
____________ volume.
The temperature at which a solid begins to liquefy is
called the ________________.
Liquids have a
__________ volume but _____
shape. The particles are
_____________ but have enough energy to move over and around one another.
The amount of energy required to change a substance from a
solid phase to a liquid phase is called the __________________.
A gas has__________ volume and __________ shape.
They expand or contract to fill the space available to them. They move in all directions until they have
spread evenly throughout their container.
This is called ___________ and happens quicker in gases than liquids and
solids.
When a liquid becomes a gas, it is called
______________. This can happen in two
ways - ____________ and _____________.
_______________ occurs at the surface of a liquid and temperatures below
the boiling point.
___________ occurs throughout the liquid. The amount of energy needed to change a
liquid to a gas is called the _________________.
p. 492, Figure 7, What is happening at points b and d?
The most common state of matter in the universe
is___________. It is found in the sun
and the stars. Plasma is a ____________
mixture of positively and negatively charged particles.
It is also found in lightning bolts, neon, fluorescent
tubes, and auroras.
When a solid changes directly to a gas, it is called
_____________.
When a gas changes to a liquid, this is called
_____________.
Almost all matter expands as it is heated and contracts
when it cools. This is called
___________. So as a sample of matter
is heated, its particles move more___________ .
A common example of expansion in liquids is in
____________. An example of expansion
in gases is _______________.
Water is an exception to the rule. When it is cooled down to about 4 C, it
_________. It is also _______ dense
than liquid water.
Some substances have unusual behavior when changing states.
In most solids, the particles are arranged in repeating
geometric patterns. They are
called __________.
Some materials appear to be solids but are not made of
crystals. They are often called
____________ solids. Some scientists
think they should be classified as a thick liquid. Two examples are __________ and ____________.
Liquid crystals start to flow during the melting phase, but
they do not lose their ___________ ____________ completely. They are place in classes depending on the
________ they maintain. They are used
in _________, _________, and ______________.
They are highly responsive to ________________ and _______________.
Use the terms definite, not definite, close together, and
spread apart to complete the chart.
|
State |
Shape |
Volume |
Particles |
|
Gas |
|
|
|
|
Liquid |
|
|
|
|
Solid |
|
|
|
|
Plasma |
|
|
|
Section 2 – Properties of Fluids
Objective
·
Explain Archimedes’ principle, Pascal’s principle,
and Bernoulli’s principle and describe a way that they could be applied.
__________ is the ability of a fluid – a liquid of gas – to
exert an upward force on an object immersed in it. This force is called_________.
The amount of buoyant force determines whether an object
will _____ or ______. P. 497, Figure 13
_________ Principle
says that the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is _______ to the weight of
the liquid displaced by the object.
__________ also plays a part in whether an object will sink or
float. An object will _______ if its
density is _______ than the density of the fluid it is placed in.
___________Principle says that pressure applied to a fluid
is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid.
Hydraulic machines make use of Pascal’s principle. Toothpaste tubes also make use of this
principle.
The following formula can be used to calculate pressure.
P = F/A
If you set two pressures equal to each other, you can use
this formula –
F1 = F2
A1 A2
p. 499 Math Skills
As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted
by the fluid decreases is ____________principle.
Bernoulli’s principle explains why __________.
The air traveling over the top of the wing travels
__________ than the air passing below it.
The pressure above the wing is ________ than the pressure below it. This causes ______.
Another property exhibited by a fluid is its tendency to
flow. A resistance to flow by a fluid
is called _____________.
Section 3 – Behavior of Gases
Objectives
·
Explain how a gas exerts pressure on its
container.
·
Explain how a gas is affected when pressure,
temperature, or volume is changed.
The amount of force exerted per unit of area is
____________ .
P =
F/A p=pressure, f=force,
a=area
At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa, about the
weight of a large truck. The ______ is
the unit of pressure. One pascal of
pressure is 1 N/m2. The higher up you
go in the atmosphere, the _______ pressure you have.
If you _________ the volume of a container of gas, the
pressure of the gas will __________, if temperature doesn’t change. This is________ law. This is an inverse proportion. P. 504, Figure 21.
You can use the following equation to find an unknown
volume or pressure –
P1V1 = P2V2
p. 505 Math Skills
The idea that the volume of a gas _________ with
___________ temperature provided the pressure does not change is
_________law. This is a direct
proportion.
This can be explained using the kinetic theory of
matter. As a gas is heated, its
particles move _________ and _________ and its temperature ___________. Because the particles move ________, they
strike the walls of the container more often and with more force. In the case of a balloon, its walls have
room to expand and volume ____________.
Using his law, Charles was able to calculate the
temperature at which a gas would have a volume of zero and all particle motion
would stop. It was –273oC or 0K
(absolute zero).
Use the following formula to calculate an unknown volume or
temperature for Charles’s Law –
V1 = V2
T1 T2
The temperature has to be in units of Kelvin.
p. 507, Skill Builder
If you increase temperature and volume can’t increase,
pressure will increase to a point where the container explodes.