Test For Anions 
Anion
Test
Observation ( for positive results )
carbonate
 Add dilute acid. Effervescence; bubbles of carbon dioxide produced.( a white ppt is formed when carbon dioxide is bubbled through limewater )
chloride
(in aqueous solution )
 Add aqueous silver nitrate. Then acidify with dilute nitric acid. A white ppt. [a] is formed. White ppt remains on the addition of dilute nitric acid.
iodide
(in aqueous solution )
 Acidify, then add aqueous lead(II) nitrate.  Yellow ppt.[b] is produced.
nitrate
(in aqueous solution )
 Add aqueous sodium hydroxide and then aluminium foil. Warm carefully. Moist red litmus paper turns blue (Ammonia gas produced)
sulphate
(in aqueous solution )
 Add aqueous barium chloride ( or aqueous barium nitrate ). Then, acidify with dilute hydrochloric acid ( or dilute nitric acid ) respectively. A white ppt.[c] is formed. White ppt remains on the addition of dilute hydrochloric acid ( or dilute nitric acid )
 

Pictures ( Left to Right ) show results a,c and b.

  

                    Test For aqueous Cations
Cation
Reaction with aqueous Sodium Hydroxide
Reaction with      aqueous   Ammonia.
ammonium
NO ppt
NO ppt.
aluminium
 White ppt.[p]  SOLUBLE in excess NaOH to form a colorless solution.[q] White ppt.[s]  INSOLUBLE  in excess aqueous ammonia.[t]
lead(II)
 White ppt. SOLUBLE in excess NaOH to form a colorless solution. White ppt. INSOLUBLE in excess aqueous ammonia.
zinc
 White ppt.[y]  SOLUBLE in excess NaOH to form a colorless solution.[z] White ppt. SOLUBLE in excess aqueous ammonia to form a colorless solution.
calcium
 White ppt.[u]   INSOLUBLE  in excess NaOH.[w] NO ppt.[x] or a  
very slight white ppt. 
copper
 BLUE ppt.[g] 
INSOLUBLE  in excess NaOH.		 BLUE ppt.[i]  SOLUBLE  in excess aqueous ammonia to form a dark blue solution.[m]
iron (II)
 Dark GREEN ppt.[h]  
INSOLUBLE  in excess NaOH.		 Dark GREEN ppt.  INSOLUBLE  in excess aqueous ammonia.
iron(III)
 Reddish-Brown ppt.[k] 
INSOLUBLE  in excess NaOH.		 Reddish-Brown ppt.  INSOLUBLE  in excess aqueous ammonia.
 

Pictures ( Left to Right ):
TOP row shows results p,q,s and t.
MIDDLE row shows results u,w,x,y and z.
BOTTOM row shows results h,k,g,i and m.
 

   
    
    

< Designed & Compiled by Teoh Chin Chye, Alex >
Created on 7 Sep 2001 / Friday morning / 12.55 AM. Completed on 7 Sep 2001 / Friday morning / 9.05 AM.
This project  is dedicated to the 4 Exp & 5 Normal(A) pupils & Staff of the SCIENCE Dept. @ CHIJ-St.Joseph's Convent.

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